Catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose to levulinic acid by partly replacing sulfuric acid with Nafion® NR50 catalyst

Flame-made amorphous solid acids with tunable acidity for the aqueous conversion of glucose to levulinic acid

“…Other solid acids such as the metal(IV) phosphate have also been demonstrated as standalone catalysts for the aqueous-phase conversion of glucose to HMF and LA [20,21]. These are much cheaper alternatives compared with ion-exchange polymer resins such as Amberlyst and Nafion, with reported LA yields of 28 and 40 % (with addition of 0.2 M H2SO4), respectively [21,22].…”