Catalytic Polymerization of Gaseous Olefins by Liquid Phosphoric Acid I. Propylene

Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

“…166,167 The older literature abounds with accounts of alkene OLI over liquid acid catalysts, such as sulfuric acid 168 and phosphoric acid. 49,169 Although sulfuric acid is still used for aliphatic alkylation of isobutane with alkenes in many conventional crude oil refineries, it is not a mainstream OLI catalyst. Historically, liquid phosphoric acid was used industrially for OLI of FTS alkenes, 5 but in this role it has since been replaced with solid phosphoric acid (Section 5.1.3.1).…”

“…45 The mechanism over SPA is not described in terms of Brønsted acid catalysis, but it involves the formation of a phosphoric acid ester. 12,[49][50][51] The mechanism is shown in Figure 5.1. Due to the more intimate interaction between the phosphoric acid and the reacting alkene, the reactivity of alkenes is determined not only by the stability of the carbocation, but also by the stability of the phosphoric acid ester.…”

Oligomerization of Alkenes

“…MCM-41 samples with different Si/Al ratios were investigated in the oligomerization of ethene, C 4 and C 5 olefins. While almost no conversion occurred with ethylene, very good catalytic performances in terms of activity and selectivity to diesel range were obtained with C 4 and C 5 olefins. An optimum for catalytic performance was found for a sample with Si/Al ratio of 20.…”

High-quality fuel distillates produced from oligomerization of light olefin over supported phosphoric acid on H-Zeolite-Y

“…A number of catalysts have been used in the dimerization and oligomerization of olefins [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Phosphoric acid catalysis for light olefin oligomerization and alkylation has been around since the early 1930s in various forms: liquidphase acid [16], phosphoric acid supported on quartz [17] and solid phosphoric acid [18][19][20]. The term "supported liquid-phase catalyst" has also been used to describe solid phosphoric acid [21].…”