Catalytic Processes for the Neutralization of Sulfur Mustard

Abstract

Research on the decontamination of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard pursues severalo bjectives that include the neutralization of spared ammunition,t he cleaning of affected areas, and also the development of protective equipment or tools. Neutralizationo fv esicant sulfur mustard involves different chemical routes such as hydroly-sis, dehydrochlorination, oxidation, or complete mineralization. This review weighs the pros and cons associated with the different systems reported in the literature, with an emphasis on catalytic procedures, to selectively convert sulfur mustard or its simulants into harmless products.

UiO-66-NH2 Fabrics: Role of Trifluoroacetic Acid as a Modulator on MOF Uniform Coating on Electrospun Nanofibers and Efficient Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants

“…Finally, adsorption of a sufficient amount of water on the MOF surface (demonstrated by TGA result before 100 °C) was beneficial for the hydrolysis of MOF catalyst during the vapor−solid interactions to obtain ethyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide, in good agreement with the previous studies. 17,47 Meanwhile, electrophilic carbon molecules can recombine with ethyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide to form an ether, bis [2-(ethylthio)ethyl]. Consequently, the accessible pore structure and the presence of inorganic and organic components in MOFs were suggested to be extremely imperative for the detoxification of CWAs.…”

Soft detoxification of chemical warfare agent simulants and pesticides under pressure

“…The toxicity of these chloroethyl sulfides and amines (respectively sulfur and nitrogen mustards) also stems from their electrophilicity, albeit with the anchimeric assistance of the S and N atoms (Scheme 1). 30 These hydrophobic blister agents and their corresponding surrogates (CEES and CTEA, Scheme 1) are poorly reactive in polar solvents such as water and methanol. For example, CEES in methanol- d 4 undergoes a nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom to form 2-methoxyethyl ethyl sulfide with 50% conversion in 48 h under ambient conditions (still incomplete after 5 days), 31 whereas a complex mixture of the hydrolyzed product and oligomers is afforded in water.…”

A continuous flow generator of organic hypochlorites for the neutralization of chemical warfare agent simulants

“…All this justifies the investment of resources and the development of research programs aiming at the detection and/or the chemical neutralization of CWAs. [14][15][16][17][18][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Mustard gas (HD, 1-chloro-2-[(2-chloroethyl)sulfanyl] ethane, CAS 505-60-2, Fig. 1) is a viscous liquid with vesicant (blistering) properties that causes severe damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.…”