Catalytic water vapour gasification of carbon

Hüttinger, Klaus J.; Minges, Roland

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(85)90083-3

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Figure shows that the coating layer on the agglomerates could be in the molten phase so that the sand particles adhere together to form large agglomerates for these atmospheres (reaction times of 1 and 6 h). Steam can reduce the melting point of potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate. , For a H 2 O–N 2 atmosphere, the melting point of potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate can be as low as 700 and 725 °C, respectively . Kosminski et al , suggested that a liquid–solid phase reaction takes place between liquid sodium carbonate and silica under steam atmosphere compared to the solid–solid phase reaction under carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheres.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steam can reduce the melting point of potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate. 41,42 For a H 2 O−N 2 atmosphere, the melting point of potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate can be as low as 700 and 725 °C, respectively. 41 Kosminski et al 25,26 suggested that a liquid−solid phase reaction takes place between liquid sodium carbonate and silica under steam atmosphere compared to the solid−solid phase reaction under carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheres.…”

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ash–Bed Material Interaction during the Combustion and Steam Gasification of Australian Agricultural Residues

Lane

Saw

et al. 2018

Energy Fuels

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The time-dependent layer-formation process of the agglomerates for three common agricultural residues in Australia with different ash-forming elements, together with quartz sand as the bed material, were investigated in a lab-scale, fixed-bed reactor under combustion (5% v/v O 2 ) and steam-gasification (50% v/v steam) atmospheres at 900 °C. The impact of the atmosphere on the ash−bed material interaction was studied from the elemental composition and the morphology of the agglomerates, which were characterized with scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ash−bed material interaction mechanisms for the three feedstock were identified as part of the alkali metals react to form ash particles, which, for wheat straw and cotton stalks, consist of Na, Mg, Si, P, K, and Ca and, for grape marc, is composed mostly of KCaPO 4 ; the remaining alkali metals react with either Si from the quartz sand (for grape marc and cotton stalk) or reactive Si from the fuel (for wheat straw) to form a low-melting-point alkali silicate coating layer; Ca dissolves or diffuses into the coating layer (for wheat straw and cotton stalk); and the ash particles formed in the first step then deposit on, and progressively embed in, the coating layer. The elemental composition of the coating layer is relatively independent of both the reaction time and the gas atmosphere. The coating layer increases in thickness with an increase in the reaction time. The addition of steam results in the production of more liquid alkali silicates, which augment the agglomeration. Any residual S may form sulfate particles with K, Ca, or Na in a combustion atmosphere, while in a steam-gasification atmosphere, the S is released to the gas phase so that more alkali metal may remain to form the low-melting-point alkali silicate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ash–Bed Material Interaction during the Combustion and Steam Gasification of Australian Agricultural Residues

Lane

Saw

et al. 2018

Energy Fuels

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“…Since there is a catalytic effect of KCl on micropores formation, the synergy between KOH and KCl that provides enhanced KCl activity can be also assumed in this case. According to previous studies, the catalytic effect depends on the melting point of the catalyst used for gasification [50]. For example, KCl catalytic effect is increased by reducing of the melting point of an eutectic mixture containing KCl and vanadium pentoxide [50].…”

Section: Pore Size Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy between alkali activation and a salt template in superactive carbon production from lignin

Ponomarev

Kallioinen

2020

Nanotechnology

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Due to growing demand, the performance of traditional active carbon is insufficient. An innovative solution is superactive carbon with an ultra-high surface area as high as 3000 m2 g−1. However, this material is very costly due to the considerable amount of alkali used in its manufacturing. To obtain superactive carbon from lignin, KOH and KCl were used simultaneously. The method was thoroughly studied to describe the mechanism of pore origin and control the pore size. Because of synergy between KOH and KCl, superactive carbon with an ultra-high surface area (2938 ± 42 m2 g−1) was obtained at essentially diminished KOH consumption (1 g g−1) in contrast to previously reported methods. The process was optimised using the response surface method. The pore size can be tuned by varying the amount of KOH and temperature. Observed synergy enabled reduced alkali consumption, overcoming the barrier to widespread implementation of superactive carbon.

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“…Steam can reduce the melting temperature of some alkali salts, such as K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , and K 2 SO 4 , thereby increasing the potential of agglomeration. 26,27 Steam affects the morphology of agglomerates, the retention of alkali metals, and the formation of alkali silicates in the agglomerates. 12,28,29 These properties influence the agglomeration of biomass significantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of the reaction atmosphere (steam gasification or combustion) on the interactions between quartz sand and various types of K or Na salts within biomass is not well understood. Steam can reduce the melting temperature of some alkali salts, such as K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , and K 2 SO 4 , thereby increasing the potential of agglomeration. , Steam affects the morphology of agglomerates, the retention of alkali metals, and the formation of alkali silicates in the agglomerates. ,, These properties influence the agglomeration of biomass significantly. The effect of steam on these properties also depends on the types of alkali salts in biomass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between Quartz Sand and Wood Doped with either K or Na Salts under Steam Gasification and Combustion Atmospheres

Saw

Eyk

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The interactions between quartz sand and wood, which was doped with either K or Na salts, were investigated in a lab-scale, fixed-bed reactor under either a steam gasification or a combustion atmosphere at 900 °C. For the cases of the potassium/sodium phosphate salts, the interaction was found to be melting induced, while for the cases of the other salts, it was found to be coating induced. Large agglomerates were found to have already been formed during the early stages of steam gasification for the wood samples doped with potassium/sodium carbonate and acetate. However, the agglomerates obtained under the combustion atmosphere were found to be insignificant for the wood samples doped with potassium/sodium chloride. Both the reaction atmosphere and the types of salts were found to affect the formation of potassium/sodium silicates in the agglomerates and the interactions between the quartz sand with gaseous K or Na significantly.

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Catalytic water vapour gasification of carbon

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Ash–Bed Material Interaction during the Combustion and Steam Gasification of Australian Agricultural Residues

Ash–Bed Material Interaction during the Combustion and Steam Gasification of Australian Agricultural Residues

Synergy between alkali activation and a salt template in superactive carbon production from lignin

Interactions between Quartz Sand and Wood Doped with either K or Na Salts under Steam Gasification and Combustion Atmospheres

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