Catecholaminergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat

Kosaka, Toshio; Kosaka, Kenzo; Hataguchi, Yoshihiro; Nagatsu, Ikuko; Wu, Jang‐Yen; Ottersen, O. P.; Storm‐Mathisen, Jon; Hama, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1007/bf00236215

Cited by 193 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…The small size, nonpyramidal morphology, and colocalization with GABA and/or GAD in TH-IR cells in the adult rat cortex suggests that these cells are interneurons (Kosaka et al, 1987a;1987b). To confirm this phenotype in developing TH-IR neurons, we examined the coproduction of GAD by double-labeled for TH and GAD67, the isoform of GAD prevalent in somata of cortical neurons (Erlander et al, 1991;Feldblum et al, 1993;Esclapez et al, 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some reports described cortical TH-IR neurons as developmentally transient and rarely observed in adults (Berger et al, 1985), whereas others reported a higher number of TH-IR cells in the adult cortex (Kosaka et al, 1987a;1987b). The greater number of TH-IR neurons observed by Kosaka and coworkers (1987a;1987b) may be explained by protocol differences, including the use of glutaraldehyde in the fixative, colchicine administration in some rats, and the use of amplification detection systems such as the avidin-biotin complex. However, we found no differences in the number of TH-IR cell profiles observed in the adult cortex using biotinylated secondary antibodies detected with fluorochrome-conjugated streptavidin for amplification compared to visualization with fluorochromes directly conjugated to secondary antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These TH cells, however, remain enigmatic because of their species-specific laminar distribution, lack of additional catecholaminergic traits, and developmental characteristics. In the rat cortex, TH-IR neurons were observed mainly in layer II/III (Berger et al, 1985;Kosaka et al, 1987a;1987b), whereas in the mouse (Satoh and Suzuki, 1990) and human (Gaspar et al, 1987;Hornung et al, 1989;Kuljis et al, 1989;Trottier et al, 1989;Ikemoto et al, 1999;Benavides-Piccione and DeFelipe, 2003;Marui et al, 2003;Benavides-Piccione and DeFelipe, 2007), TH-IR neurons were seen predominantly in layers V and VI. Not only are these TH neurons outside the classically-defined catecholaminergic cell groups (Hokfelt et al, 1984), but their final transmitter phenotype is also uncertain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although very few TH-IR cells were noted in the adult rat cortex in classical TH distribution studies (Hokfelt et al, 1984), later reports described a population of cortical TH-IR cells that were observed transiently during postnatal development in the rat (Berger et al, 1985) and mouse (Satoh and Suzuki, 1990). Other reports, in contrast, demonstrated TH-IR cells in the adult rat cortex (Kosaka et al, 1987a;1987b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A subset of cortical neurons also expresses TH in the rodent (Berger et al, 1985;Kosaka et al, 1987a;1987b;Satoh and Suzuki, 1990), non-human primate (Weihe et al, 2006), and human (Gaspar et al, 1987;Hornung et al, 1989;Kuljis et al, 1989;Trottier et al, 1989;Fukuda et al, 1999;Ikemoto et al, 1999;Benavides-Piccione and DeFelipe, 2003;Marui et al, 2003;Benavides-Piccione and DeFelipe, 2007). Based on their size, morphology, and partial colocalization with GABA, cortical TH-IR cells were hypothesized to be interneurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex

et al. 2008

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Understanding the development of cortical interneuron phenotypic diversity is critical because interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the developing and adult rat cortex were characterized in light of findings regarding interneuron neurochemistry and development. Cortical THimmunoreactive neurons were first observed two weeks postnatally and peaked in number three weeks after birth. At subsequent ages, the number of these cell profiles was gradually reduced, and they were seen less frequently in adults. No DNA fragmentation or active caspase 3 was observed in cortical TH cells at any age examined, eliminating cell death as an explanation for the decrease in cell number. Although cortical TH cells reportedly fail to produce subsequent catecholaminergic enzymes, we found that the majority of these cells at all ages contained phosphorylated TH, suggesting that the enzyme may be active and producing L-DOPA as an end-product. Morphological criteria and colocalization of some TH cells with glutamic acid decarboxylase suggests that these cells are interneurons. Previously, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and calretinin were demonstrated in nonoverlapping subsets of interneurons. Cortical TH neurons colocalized with calretinin but not with parvalbumin or somatostatin. These findings suggest that the transitory increase in TH cell number is not due to cell death but possibly due to alterations in the amount of detectable TH present in these cells, and that at least some cortical TH-producing interneurons belong to the calretinin-containing subset of interneurons that originate developmentally in the caudal ganglionic eminence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex

et al. 2008

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Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the adult rabbit retina

Rickman

Blanks

Brecha³

1996

J. Comp. Neurol.

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Somatostatin (SRIF) is a neuroactive peptide that is distributed throughout the nervous system, including the retina. This peptide has been localized to populations of amacrine cells in a variety of vertebrate species. In the rabbit retina, SRIF immunoreactivity is present in a sparse population of medium to large neurons (13.72 microns in diameter, or 147.84 mu 2) in the ganglion cell layer and in a small number of neurons in the inner nuclear layer. These cells display a preferential distribution to the inferior retina, with the highest density near the ventral and ventrolateral retinal margins (11.33 cells/mm2). SRIF-immunoreactive cells have two to five primary processes that arborize in the proximal inner plexiform layer (IPL). These give rise to a plexus of finer processes in the distal IPL. Occasional immunoreactive processes are also present in the outer plexiform layer. In the IPL, these laminar networks are present in all retinal regions. In addition, SRIF-immunoreactive cells often have a fine-caliber axonlike process that eminates from the soma or perisomal region. These processes travel for great distances across the retina in either the nerve fiber layer or in the distal IPL but are never seen to enter the optic nerve head. In addition, the number of SRIF-immunoreactive somata remains unchanged following transection of the optic nerve. Taken together, these data indicate that SRIF-immunoreactive neurons of the rabbit retina are displaced amacrine cells. Furthermore, the sparse distribution of SRIF-immunoreactive somata, the wide-ranging, asymmetric arborization of their cellular processes, and previous pharmacological studies suggest that these neurons mediate a broad modulatory role in retinal function.

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Neurokinin 1 receptor expression in the rat retina

Casini¹,

Rickman²,

Sternini³

et al. 1997

J. Comp. Neurol.

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Tachykinin (TK) peptides influence neuronal activity in the inner retina of mammals. The aim of this investigation was to determine the cellular localization of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1), whose preferred ligand is the TK peptide substance P (SP), in the rat retina. These studies used a polyclonal antiserum directed to the C-terminus of rat NK1. The majority of NK1-immunoreactive (IR) cells were located in the proximal inner nuclear layer (INL), and very rarely they were found in the distal INL. Some small and large NK1-IR somata were present in the ganglion cell layer. NK1-IR processes were densely distributed across the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with a maximum density over lamina 2 of the IPL. Immunoreactive processes also crossed the INL and ramified in the outer plexiform layer where they formed a sparse meshwork. NK1-IR processes were rarely observed in the optic nerve fiber layer. Double-label immunofluorescence studies with different histochemical markers for bipolar cells indicated that NK1 immunoreactivity was not present in bipolar cells. Together, these observations indicate that NK1 immunoreactivity is predominantly expressed by amacrine, displaced amacrine, interplexiform, and some ganglion cells. Double-label immunofluorescence experiments were also performed to characterize NK1-containing amacrine cells. Sixty-one percent of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-IR cells, 71% of the large tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR cells, and 100% of the small TH-IR cells contained NK1 immunoreactivity. In addition, most (91%) of the NK1-IR cells had GABA immunoreactivity. In contrast, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, TK-, choline acetyltransferase-, and parvalbumin-IR amacrine tells did not express NK1 immunoreactivity. Overall, the present findings suggest that SP acts directly upon several cell populations, including GABA-containing amacrine cells and ganglion cells, to influence visual information processing in the inner retina.

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Catecholaminergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat

Cited by 193 publications

References 0 publications

Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex

Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex

Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the adult rabbit retina

Neurokinin 1 receptor expression in the rat retina

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