Categorical and Continuous Measurement of Sex-Role Orientation: Differences in Associations With Young Adults'reports of Well-Being

Abstract

Previous research suggests many of the qualities necessary for successful well-being are masculine in nature. However, masculinity and femininity have been considered related constructs as opposed to being distinctly different sex-role characterizations. Therefore, this study examined the hypothesized associations between sex-role orientation and reports of well-being by looking at the combined and separate contributions of masculinity and femininity reports. Responses from 286 college undergraduates to the BEM Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and measures of well-being (i.e., loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale, revised by Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980), personal discomfort (Personal Discomfort Subscale of the Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Social Introversion-Extroversion Scale, Graham, Schroeder, & Lilly, 1971), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg, 1965), and social anxiety and avoidance (Social Anxiety and Social Avoidance Scale, Franke & Hymel, 1984) indicated both categorical and continuous measures of sex role were associated with well-being. Examination of sex-role categories revealed participants with masculine and androgynous orientations reported higher well-being scores than did those with feminine and undifferentiated orientations. Further, examination of separate femininity and masculinity scores indicated that masculinity was positively – and femininity was negatively – associated with participant reports of well-being. Findings are discussed in terms of considering masculinity and femininity as separate measures of sex-role orientation when examining the association between sex roles and well-being.

Gender Conceptualizations in Female High School Seniors: Relationships with Global Self-Worth and Multiple Measures of Body Image

“…Specifically, positive self-perception scores (high self-worth, high perceptions of physical appearance, low scores on social physique anxiety, as well as the use of a functional or competence body image orientation) were positively linked to two of the three PM MAS (Occupations, Traits) subscale scores. These results are consistent with the first study hypothesis and with findings of others (e.g., Johnson et al 2006) in suggesting that it is self-endorsement of MAS traits and activities that is most predictive of positive selfperceptions and psychological well-being.…”

Bienestar psicológico y orientación de rol sexual en estudiantes universitarios

“…A diferencia del estudio de Johnson et al, (2006), quienes encontraron que el bienestar estaba asociado positivamente con la masculinidad y negativamente con la feminidad, en el presente estudio se encontraron relaciones positivas entre los indicadores de bienestar y la feminidad, aunque en general de magnitud inferior a las existentes entre bienestar y masculinidad. Una de las razones de esta discrepancia puede ser que, a diferencia del presente estudio que utilizó medidas especí-ficas de bienestar, en el estudio de Johnson et al, (2006) el bienestar se evaluaba de manera más indirecta, mediante mediciones de constructos tales como soledad, autoestima y ansiedad social.…”

“…Así por ejemplo, mientras September, McCarrey, Baranowsky, Parent y Schindler (2001) midieron el bienestar mediante las dimensiones de bienestar psicológico de Ryff falta el año descritas anteriormente, Johnson et al, (2006) utilizaron como indicadores de bienestar medidas de soledad, incomodidad personal, autoestima, ansiedad social y evitación social. Y además los resultados difieren según se utilice el criterio continuo o el categórico para evaluar la orientación de rol sexual.…”

Moteriškumo Ideologijos Sąsajos Su Paauglių Merginų Depresiškumu, Savęs Vertinimu Ir Subjektyviu Pasitenkinimu Gyvenimu

“…S. L. Bem išskirti moteriškumo bruožai atspindi orientaciją į tarpasmeninius santykius, rūpinimąsi kitų gerove ir harmonija santykiuose (Bem, Martyna, Watson, 1976). Naudodamiesi šiuo moteriškumo apibrė-žimu, dalis tyrėjų nustatė, kad stipriai išreikšti ekspresiniai bruožai susiję su didesniu polinkiu į emocinius sunkumus ir bendrai prastesniu psichosocialiniu prisitaikymu (Johnson et al, 2006;Wichstrom, 1999). Kita vertus, empiriniai duomenys prieštaringi, o atliktos metaanalizės stipraus ryšio tarp moteriškumo, kaip ekspresinių bruožų, ir psichikos sveikatos nepatvirtino (Whitley, 1985).…”

“…Randama tiek internalizuotų moteriškumo, tiek vyriškumo sampratų sąsajų su įvairiais psichikos sveikatos rodikliais (pvz., Choi, Kim, Hwang, Heppner, 2010;Johnson, McNair, Vojick, Congdon, Monacelli, Lemont, 2006), tačiau bendrai moteriškumo ir vyriškumo konstruktai literatūroje apibrėžiami kaip labai skirtingi bei dažniausiai analizuojami atskirai. Dėl šios priežasties straipsnyje apsiribosime tik moteriškumo konstrukto ir jo sąsajų su svarbiais merginų psichikos sveikatos rodikliais aptarimu.…”