Cation exchange across ion-exchange membranes

Tombalakian, A. S.; Yeh, Chung-Liang; Graydon, W. F.

doi:10.1021/j100861a036

Cited by 16 publications

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“…Counterions of the same valence show nearly the same dependence of the ratio K,llCap W , which represents slopes of linear plots similar to those in Figure 2, on solution concentration. The dependence of the over-all ion-interchange coefficient on solution concentration for the interchange of some univalent and divalent counterions with hydrogen ion have been described previously'E' by a similar empirical relation of the form K, = K,rv Co-" (8) where, for the ion-pair exchange systems considered in this work, the slope a = 0.75 t 0.05 for the interchange between cesium, potassium, sodium, and lithium with hydrogen; a = 0.50 rt 0.05 for the interchange between barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium with hydrogen; and a = 0.25 +-0.05 for the interchange between aluminum and lanthanum with hydrogen. This indicates that counterions of the same valence have nearly the same dependence MEMBRANE WATER CONTENT, gH*0/9 drl WUn on solution concentration and the value of the coefficient (a) decreases as the ion species having a higher valence is used to interchange with hydrogen.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

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A correlation for the rate of cation interchange across an ion‐exchange membrane

Tombalakian

1974

Can J Chem Eng

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It may be informative to relate the coefficient (a) of the empirical Equation ( 8 ) to the valence of the counterion groups used in this study. If the values of (a) are plotted against the valence of the counterions, a linear relationship is obtained as shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A correlation for the rate of cation interchange across an ion‐exchange membrane

Tombalakian

1974

Can J Chem Eng

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“…The mechanisms controlling mass transfer in such systems are not yet fully understood, though ion exchange systems have been the subject of investigation for many years. (Helfferich (1962), Tombalakian et al (1967); Scattergood and Lightfoot (1968); VanBrocklin and David (1972);Dresner (1972)). These studies all incorporate many idealizations, and in general are directed to processes quite different from Donnan dialysis (reverse osmosis, or simple batch selfdiffusion, for example).…”

Section: Preliminary Results Do Indicate That the Model Is Tractiblementioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modeling of Donnan dialysis, a continuous ion exchange membrane process. Annual progress report

Melsheimer¹

1974

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“…Based on the Teorell-Meyer-Sievers hypothesis (Dranoff & Lapidus, 1957;Tombalakian, et al,1967), a pseudo-equilibrium state between each metal ion and counter ion Na + is assumed to exist at the film-membrane interface, respectively. An apparent selectivity coefficient, i Na K , can be defined as…”

Section: Based On the Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding Issues in Desalination

Ning¹

2011

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For this book, the term desalination is used in the broadest sense of the removal of dissolved, suspended, visible and invisible impurities in seawater, brackish water and wastewater, to make them drinkable, or pure enough for industrial applications like in the processes for the production of steam, power, pharmaceuticals and microelectronics, or simply for discharge back into the environment.From space, the earth is a blue planet, covered three quarters of surface by oceans and one quarter by land. Seawater contains 35 to 40 grams per liter of dissolved salts, too salty to drink or use. At any moment in time, about 0.04% of the water is in the process of being recycled through the atmosphere by the heat from the sun. Distilled water from clouds, condense as rain or snow, is falling mostly in the ocean. Only 2.5% of the Earth's total water is fresh water, but two-thirds of this water is locked away from man's use in ice caps and glaciers. The estimated one third (0.8%) of fresh water sink into the deep aquifers, or flows into lakes and rivers then to the sea.Water, being a most powerful solvent, leaches soluble salts and erodes rocks from the ground, and becomes increasingly saline and turbid before reaching the sea, or equilibrates as brackish water in the lakes and aquifers. Being the essential medium for microbial and aquatic life, it is filled with living and non-living biotic organic matter. Much of the complex suspended organic and inorganic matter in water are colloidal particles, smaller than 1 micron (1 nanometer) in size, hence invisible to naked eyes.Human needs drive the technology of desalination of water. The need is exacerbated by the mismatch of population densities with the natural distribution of available water on land. Like other basic technologies, the mountain of published information on this subject can hardly be captured in one book. Major desalination processes involve thermal evaporation known as Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) and Vapor Compression Distillation (VC). Since 1970s, technologies using semi-permeable membranes grew rapidly to compete with distillation to minimize energy consumption. Reverse Osmosis (RO) now is becoming favored over MSF even in oil-rich countries of the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Ion-exchange resins are used to soften or deionize water. Electrodialysis (ED) commercially introduced in the early 1960s also uses semi-permeable membranes. It finds greater application in industrial rather than municipal applications. Minor desalination processes include freezing, membrane distillation and solar humidification. XIV PrefaceFor students and workers in the field of desalination, this book provides a summary of key concepts and keywords with which detailed information may be gathered through internet search engines. Papers and reviews collected in this volume covers the spectrum of topics in desalination of water, too broad to delve into in depth. The literature citations in these papers serve to fill in gaps in the coverage of thi...

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Cation exchange across ion-exchange membranes

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

A correlation for the rate of cation interchange across an ion‐exchange membrane

A correlation for the rate of cation interchange across an ion‐exchange membrane

Mathematical modeling of Donnan dialysis, a continuous ion exchange membrane process. Annual progress report

Expanding Issues in Desalination

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