Cationic and Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization in Supercritical CO2. Preliminary Results

Mingotaud, Anne‐Françoise; Cansell, François; Gilbert, Nathalie; Soum, Alain

doi:10.1295/polymj.31.406

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…ROP is the most facile route to a number of linear aliphatic polyesters, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), poly( L ‐lactide) (PLLA), and polyglycolide (PGA), all of which are biodegradable polymers with applications in the medical industry 13–20. Mingotaud and coworkers21–23 reported the ROP of ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) in scCO 2 in the presence of various initiators. Hile and Pishko first21–24 reported the synthesis of poly(lactide‐ co ‐glycolide) (PLGA) in scCO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mingotaud and coworkers21–23 reported the ROP of ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) in scCO 2 in the presence of various initiators. Hile and Pishko first21–24 reported the synthesis of poly(lactide‐ co ‐glycolide) (PLGA) in scCO 2 . Several groups have now published mechanistic studies of ROP in supercritical fluids in comparison with conventional media 25–31.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Zhang

2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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Light responses, dendritic/axonal morphology, receptive field diameters, patterns of dye coupling, and relative rod/cone inputs of various types of horizontal cells (HCs) were studied using intracellular recording and Lucifer yellow/neurobiotin dye injection methods in the flatmount tiger salamander retina. Three physiologically and morphologically distinct types of HC entities were identified. 1) The A-type HCs are somas that do not bear axons, with average (+/-SE) soma diameters of 20.01 +/- 0.59 microm, relatively sparse and thick dendrites, and they resemble the A-type HC in mammals. The average receptive field diameter of these cells is 529.6 +/- 10.87 microm and they receive inputs predominantly from cones. 2) The B-type HCs are broad-field somas that bear thin and long axons, with average soma diameters of 17.67 +/- 0.38 microm, thinner dendrites of higher density, and they resemble the B-type HC in mammals. The average receptive field diameter of these cells is 1,633.55 +/- 37.34 microm and they receive mixed inputs from rods and cones. 3) The B-type HC axon terminals are broad-field, coarse axon terminal processes and they resemble the B-type HC axon terminal in rabbits. The average receptive field diameter of these axon terminals is 1,291.67 +/- 24.02 microm and they receive mixed inputs from rods and cones. All these types of HC are dye-coupled with adjacent HCs of the same type. Additionally, B-type HCs and axon terminals are dye-coupled with subpopulations of bipolar cells whose axon terminals ramify in the proximal half of the inner plexiform layer, raising the possibility that these HCs may send feedforward antagonistic surround responses to depolarizing bipolar cells through electrical synapses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Zhang

2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Moreover, the availability of CO 2 as a byproduct of many industrial processes, possible recycling, and easily accessible critical parameters (Pc = 73.8b/Tc = 304.25 K) account for the expanding use of this gas 2. In addition to radical polymerization of vinyl monomers, such as methyl methacrylate and styrene, in sc CO 2 ,1–3 ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic (di)esters promoted by preformed or in situ formed metal alkoxides has been investigated in this medium 4–12…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mingotaud and Cansell were the first to report in 1999 on ROP in precipitation of CL initiated by aluminum, yttrium, and lanthanum triisopropoxides 4. These initiators were active at temperatures higher than 373.15 K, and no control was imparted to the polymerization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization of (L,L)‐lactide and copolymerization with ϵ‐caprolactone initiated by dibutyltin dimethoxide in supercritical carbon dioxide

Stassin

Jérôme

2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of (L,L)-lactide (LA) has been initiated by dibutyltin dimethoxide in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc CO 2 ). Polymerization is controlled and proceeds at quasi the same rate as in toluene, which indicates that the reactivity of the propagating species is not impaired by parasitic carbonation reaction. Random copolymerization of LA with e-caprolactone (CL) has also been studied in sc CO 2 , and the reactivity ratios have been determined as 5.8 6 0.5 for LA and 0.7 6 0.25 for CL. These values have to be compared to 0.7 6 0.25 for LA and 0.15 6 0.05 for CL in toluene. Good control on ROP of CL and LA in sc CO 2 has been confirmed by the successful synthesis of diblock copolymers by sequential polymerization of CL and LA.

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“…Chlorinated solvents bring a severe burden to the environment, and their use should be avoided . With the development of green chemistry, much attention has been given to the alternative, mild, and environmentally friendly solvents for the cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers, such as ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, or less‐toxic organic solvents (e.g., n ‐hexane) . Since Sawamoto et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Mechanism of Styrene Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Cumyl Alcohol/B(C₆F₅)₃

Zhang

et al. 2019

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Styrene cationic polymerizations initiated by cumyl alcohol (CumOH)/B(C6F5)3 are systematically studied in aqueous suspension and emulsion. Theoretical calculations and experimental research suggest that CumOH/B(C6F5)3 has higher initiating activity than H2O/B(C6F5)3. During emulsion polymerization of styrene, molecular weight and polymerization rate decrease with the addition of surfactants. These polymerization processes share the same features. Specifically, all elemental reactions (initiation, propagation, and termination) in aqueous media occur at the droplet interface. End structure analysis indicates that chain transfer reactions to water and a‐proton elimination and chain transfer reactions to monomer occur. The possible mechanism for the styrene cationic polymerization in aqueous media is demonstrated.

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Cationic and Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization in Supercritical CO2. Preliminary Results

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Polymerization of (L,L)‐lactide and copolymerization with ϵ‐caprolactone initiated by dibutyltin dimethoxide in supercritical carbon dioxide

Characteristics and Mechanism of Styrene Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Cumyl Alcohol/B(C₆F₅)₃

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Cationic and Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization in Supercritical CO2. Preliminary Results

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Polymerization of (L,L)‐lactide and copolymerization with ϵ‐caprolactone initiated by dibutyltin dimethoxide in supercritical carbon dioxide

Characteristics and Mechanism of Styrene Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Cumyl Alcohol/B(C6F5)3

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Characteristics and Mechanism of Styrene Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Cumyl Alcohol/B(C₆F₅)₃