“…Two main modes of causal inference may be identified in the analysis of interest group influence. Large N observational studies (Bernhagen, 2012;Klüver, 2009Klüver, , 2013Yackee and Yackee, 2006;Yackee, 2004Yackee, , 2006 using data set observation data (Collier et al, 2010a;Collier, 2011) rely on a frequentist mode of causal inference (Goldthorpe, 2001). Put simply, influence is conceived as the causal link between the interest group's action and the policy change under analysis for which evidence is found in how frequently the former precedes the latter.…”