Causes, Modeling and Mitigation of Urban Heat Island: A Review

Abstract

Urbanization leads to loss of vegetation and converting pervious areas into built-up and impervious areas, and consequently, urban areas expose higher temperatures as compared to surrounding rural areas, which is called Urban Heat Island (UHI). The UHI affects the urban environment and causes heat-related diseases and mortality that have increased over the last centuries. Considering the severity of the UHI problem, enormous research has been conducted and an extensive range of literature is available on this topic. This paper reviews the causes, modelling and mitigation strategies of the UHI. The urban infrastructure and anthropogenic heat sources are the main driving factors in developing the UHI in cities. Many approaches including observation and modelling techniques are used to understand the formation, causes and mitigation of the UHI. The formation and causes of the UHI largely depend on the size, shape and urban infrastructure of the cities as well as climatic conditions. Although various modelling techniques are used to study UHI, there are still lacks in all models to precisely represent the physical phenomena and complex urban infrastructure. Many UHI mitigation strategies are examined by numerous studies, while the increased urban vegetation is a more environmentally friendly solution. The study summarizes the important features and limitations of different modelling techniques and mitigation measures of the UHI. This study also identifies research gaps and proposes areas for further research.

Overheating of Cities: Magnitude, Characteristics, Impact, Mitigation and Adaptation, and Future Challenges

“…Micro and mesoscale phenomena are intimately connected and transcend their respective boundaries. Hence, the new rational approach in the world of deterministic modeling is represented by coupled models obtained through balancing of mass and heat transfer across the domains (24). In the same vein, hybrid models that take a transdisciplinary approach by linking aspects such as heat, pollution, health, energy, economy, mobility, and circular economy are gaining ground.…”

Îlot de chaleur urbain et application territoriale en France : revue des méthodes de simulation numérique

“…Tableau 1. Revues de littérature récentes présentant les méthodes d'évaluation par simulation de l'ICU (sources : Mirzaei, 2015 ;Parsaee et al, 2019 ;Bherwani et al, 2020 ;Imran et al, 2021 ;Tian et al, 2021). Recent literature reviews presenting UHI simulation assessment methods.…”

“…Les méthodes d'évaluation l'ICU se développent de plus en plus rapidement et notamment, les méthodes par simulation du fait de l'amélioration des différents outils (Bherwani et al, 2020 ;Imran et al, 2021). Cet article fait l'état des méthodes de simulation numérique des ICU et de leur application en France.…”

“…Cela va donc entraîner différents enjeux qui concernent le devenir des milieux urbains : santé et vulnérabilité des populations, augmentation des consommations énergétiques ou encore, détérioration des conditions de confort thermique (Akbari et Kolokotsa, 2016 ;Buchin et al, 2016 ;Santamouris, 2020 ;Nieuwenhuijsen, 2021). De nombreuses études ont commenté les causes des effets de l'ICU : 1) augmentation des espaces imperméabilisés, 2) disparition des espaces naturels, 3) perturbation de la ventilation, 4) perturbation des échanges radiatifs et 5) génération de chaleur anthropique (Hulley, 2012 ;Tzavali et al, 2015 ;Imran et al, 2021). Une étude portant sur plusieurs villes européennes a ainsi montré que l'intensité de l'ICU de canopée pouvait aller jusqu'à 10°C au sein des villes (Santamouris, 2016).…”

“…Celles-ci peuvent être regroupées en quatre categories : télédétection, mesures in situ, géoclassification et simulation numérique (Mauree et al, 2019). Les revues portant sur cette dernière catégorie sont encore peu répandues ( Parsaee et al, 2019 ;Imran et al, 2021) tandis que leurs utilisations au sein des études de cas se multiplient. En effet, les approches par simulation numérique possèdent plusieurs avantages.…”