Causes Of Low Preschool Immunization Coverage In The United States

Cutts, F.

doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.13.1.385

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Background. The out-of-pocket costs of immunizations are commonly cited by clients and providers as a barrier to obtaining immunizations (126). A number of interventions have been used by the federal government (e.g., the Vaccines For Children Program), state governments (e.g., provision of free vaccines), and programs by managed care organizations (e.g., reducing copays) to reduce this barrier.…”

Section: Interventions That Enhance Access To Immunizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Background. Surveys of parental attitudes and behaviors have identified inconvenience of obtaining vaccines as an important barrier toward improving vaccination rates in children (126). This factor may be especially important for disadvantaged low income families, many of whom have large families and/or little financial support for child care or transportation.…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving Immunization Coverage Rates: An Evidence-based Review of the Literature

Shefer

Briss

Rodewald

et al. 1999

Epidemiologic Reviews

159

109

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This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of population-based interventions to improve vaccination coverage. The paper 1) presents a framework for evaluating interventions to improve vaccination coverage, 2) describes selected strategies for improving coverage, and 3) systematically reviews available information on the effectiveness of these strategies in improving vaccination coverage and other outcomes to assess their effectiveness.

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Section: Interventions That Enhance Access To Immunizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Immunization Coverage Rates: An Evidence-based Review of the Literature

Shefer

Briss

Rodewald

et al. 1999

Epidemiologic Reviews

159

109

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“…From 1986 to 1991, there was a hiatus in vaccination coverage assessment activities conducted by the U.S. government. During that time, there was a resurgence in the number of measles, 90,91 mumps, 92 and rubella 93 cases in the U.S. Research revealed that cases observed during the measles resurgence were disproportionately inner-city, preschool-aged, American Indian, Hispanic, or black children ,5 years of age who had not been vaccinated [94][95][96][97] and who were living in poverty. 91 Data from retrospective immunization coverage surveys of children entering kindergarten or first grade in the 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 school years showed that vaccination levels of preschool-and school-aged children were low.…”

Section: A Hiatus In Federal Vaccination Coverage Assessment Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Highlights of Historical Events Leading to National Surveillance of Vaccination Coverage in the United States

2011

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The articles published in this special supplement of Public Health Reports provide examples of only some of the current efforts in the United States for evaluating vaccination coverage. So, how did we get here? The history of vaccination and assessment of vaccination coverage in the U.S. has its roots in the pre-Revolutionary War era. In many cases, development of vaccines, and attention devoted to the assessment of vaccination coverage, has grown from the impact of infectious disease on major world events such as wars. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief overview of the key historical events in the U.S. that influenced the development of vaccines and the efforts to track vaccination coverage, which laid the foundation for contemporary vaccination assessment efforts. HISTORICAL EVENTS INFLUENCING VACCINE DEVELOPMENT Smallpox outbreaks in Boston In the budding pre-revolution American colonies, smallpox posed a serious threat to the welfare of a developing nation: mortality from smallpox disproportionately affected Native Americans, and epidemics were recorded among Anglo-Americans in 1677, 1689-1690, and 1702. 1 By 1721, the city of Boston had become a prosperous port town of 11,000 residents. Many of those who were older than 20 years of age had contracted smallpox in the epidemic of 1702 and, therefore, were conferred lifelong immunity. However, each year between 1702 and 1721 brought with it a newly born cohort of residents that had not been exposed to the epidemic of 1702, and by 1721 the percentage of Bostonian residents who were susceptible to smallpox swelled. On April 22, 1721, a British vessel arrived in Boston harbor, passed a quarantine inspection, and docked. Within one day, one of the ship's crew was diagnosed with smallpox and quarantined. By early May, nine more seamen from the ship were determined to have smallpox, and cases began to appear among Boston residents. As the number of smallpox cases mounted, approximately 1,000 residents fled Boston. Then, Onesimus, an African slave of the

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“…One type of study in which potential confounding by SES is of concern is post-licensure vaccine effectiveness studies, frequently conducted after a vaccine is introduced and typically using a case-control study design. Because both the exposure (vaccination) and outcome (infectious disease) may be associated with SES, the potential for confounding may exist and researchers therefore frequently match on zip code ( Iwane et al, 2013 , Spicer et al, 2014 , Cutts et al, 1992 , Hutchins et al, 2004 , Hutchins et al, 2004 , Walker et al, 2014 , Smith and Stevenson, 2008 , Boom et al, 2010 , Whitney et al, 2006 , Cochran et al, 2010 , McTiernan et al, 1986 ). Zip code matching, however, only ensures that eligible controls are similar to enrolled cases at the zip code level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bias with respect to socioeconomic status: A closer look at zip code matching in a pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness study

Link‐Gelles

Westreich

Aiello

et al. 2016

SSM - Population Health

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In 2010, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in the US for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children. Individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) is a potential confounder of the estimated effectiveness of PCV13 and is often controlled for in observational studies using zip code as a proxy. We assessed the utility of zip code matching for control of SES in a post-licensure evaluation of the effectiveness of PCV13 (calculated as [1-matched odds ratio]*100). We used a directed acyclic graph to identify subsets of confounders and collected SES variables from birth certificates, geo-coding, a parent interview, and follow-up with medical providers. Cases tended to be more affluent than eligible controls (for example, 48.3% of cases had private insurance vs. 44.6% of eligible controls), but less affluent than enrolled controls (52.9% of whom had private insurance). Control of confounding subsets, however, did not result in a meaningful change in estimated vaccine effectiveness (original estimate: 85.1%, 95% CI 74.8–91.9%; adjusted estimate: 82.5%, 95% CI 65.6–91.1%). In the context of a post-licensure vaccine effectiveness study, zip code appears to be an adequate, though not perfect, proxy for individual SES.

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Causes Of Low Preschool Immunization Coverage In The United States

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Improving Immunization Coverage Rates: An Evidence-based Review of the Literature

Improving Immunization Coverage Rates: An Evidence-based Review of the Literature

Highlights of Historical Events Leading to National Surveillance of Vaccination Coverage in the United States

Bias with respect to socioeconomic status: A closer look at zip code matching in a pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness study

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