cDNA Cloning of a Z- and W-Linked Gene in Gallinaceous Birds

Dvořák, Jiří; Halverson, Joy; Gulick, Patrick J.; Rauen, Katherine A.; Abbott, Ursula K.; Kelly, Brooks; Shultz, Fred T.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111151

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…As mentioned before, neither the CHD1 or the ATP5A1 gene shows any evidence of sex linkage in ratites, i.e., the ostrich and its allies (26)(27)30). Given that the divergence of ratites may represent the deepest branch among extant bird lineages, a possible explanation for the failure to detect sex linkage of the CHD1 and ATP5A1 genes in ratites is that the sex chromosomes of non-ratite birds began to differentiate after the split of the ratites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…This signal was on the distal part of one of the arms of the W chromosome; the two arms are nearly indistinguishable with standard staining techniques. Dvorak et al (30) reported an anonymous cDNA clone derived from turkeys that hybridized to the W chromosome of a wide variety of bird species (but not ratites). As for CHD1, this clone also hybridized to a second, non-W-linked copy in all non-ratite birds investigated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). Because both ATP5A1 and CHD1 have been found to be W-linked as well as being present in another genomic copy in numerous species (26,27,30), it appears likely that the observed Z and W chromosome homology in chickens is characteristic of non-ratite birds in general. This is corroborated by the fact that all other chicken Z chromosome genes, which also have been mapped in other bird species, are consistently Z-linked (34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the avian sex chromosomes from an ancestral pair of autosomes

Fridolfsson

Cheng

Copeland

et al. 1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

232

136

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Among the mechanisms whereby sex is determined in animals, chromosomal sex determination is found in a wide variety of distant taxa. The widespread but not ubiquitous occurrence, not even within lineages, of chromosomal sex determination suggests that sex chromosomes have evolved independently several times during animal radiation, but firm evidence for this is lacking. The most favored model for this process is gradual differentiation of ancestral pairs of autosomes. As known for mammals, sex chromosomes may have a very ancient origin, and it has even been speculated that the sex chromosomes of mammals and birds would share a common chromosomal ancestry. In this study we showed that the two genes, ATP5A1 and CHD1, so far assigned to the female-specific W chromosome of birds both exist in a very closely related copy on the Z chromosome but are not pseudoautosomal. This indicates a common ancestry of the two sex chromosomes, consistent with the evolution from a pair of autosomes. Comparative mapping demonstrates, however, that ATP5A1 and CHD1 are not sex-linked among eutherian mammals; this is also not the case for the majority of other genes so far assigned to the avian Z chromosome. Our results suggest that the evolution of sex chromosomes has occurred independently in mammals and birds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution of the avian sex chromosomes from an ancestral pair of autosomes

Fridolfsson

Cheng

Copeland

et al. 1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

232

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results of the present study are perhaps the strongest evidence yet of adaptive parental manipulations of sex-specific parental care prior to egg laying in birds, and we suggest, in agreement with Gowaty (1991), that the general view that birds are incapable of prelaying bias according to offspring sex is premature. This caution is timely because a number of molecular sexing techniques have recently become available (Quinn, Cooke & White 1990;Rabenold et al 1991;Dvorak et al 1992;Griffiths & Tiwari 1993;Longmire et al 1993;Sabo et al 1995), offering an escape from the problematic limitation of cryptic offspring sex in most bird species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually dimorphic eggs, nestling growth and sibling competition in American Kestrels Falco sparverius

1997

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Summary1. American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) nestlings are sexually dimorphic, with daughters larger than sons. The larger daughters have an advantage during sibling competition for food in excess of their higher per capita food requirements, and we predicted that parents would reduce this competitive disparity by differentially enhancing the growth of sons, specifically by laying them in larger eggs. 2. In a captive breeding population, eggs producing sons were significantly larger than eggs producing daughters; laying order effects were controlled. 3. The influence of sibling egg size ratios on post-natal size relationships persisted through the nesting period, providing parents with a tool to manipulate size-related phenomena in their offspring.

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“…Whereas it was possible (though not easy) to positionally clone the SRY gene in mammals using males with small parts of the Y chromosome (Sinclair et al, 1990), these rare clinical cases are not available in birds. Four genes have been isolated from the W chromosome using strategies including exon trapping from BACs and various subtractive methods (Dvorak et al, 1992;Ellegren, 1996;Hori et al, 2000;O'Neill et al, 2000;Itoh et al, 2001), but the presence of similar homologs on the Z, as well as their expression patterns render most of these unconvincing candidates for a female determining role. However, one of these genes (ASW/PKCI) remains of interest and others may yet be discovered, so the existence of a femaledetermining gene on the W chromosome obviously cannot be ruled out.…”

Section: Bird Sex Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and death in birds: A model of dosage compensation that predicts lethality of sex chromosome aneuploids

Graves

2003

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Birds show female heterogamety, with ZZ males and ZW females. It is still not clear whether the W is female-determining, or whether two doses of the Z chromosomes are male-determining, or both. This question could easily be settled by the sexual phenotypes of ZZW and ZO birds, in the same way that the sexual phenotypes of XXY and XO showed that the Y is male determining in humans, but that the dosage of an X-borne gene determines sex in Drosophila. However, despite extensive searches, no ZZW or ZO diploid birds have been satisfactorily documented, so we must assume that these genotypes are embryonic lethals. Given that ZW and ZZ are viable and the W contains few genes it is not clear why this should be so. Here I propose that sex chromosome aneuploids are lethal in chicken because, to achieve dosage compensation, a locus on the W chromosome controls the upregulation of genes on the Z in ZW females. ZO birds would therefore have only half the normal dose of Z-linked gene product and ZZW would have twice the amount, both of which would undoubtedly be incompatible with life. Reports of other aneuploids and triploids are also consistent with this hypothesis.

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cDNA Cloning of a Z- and W-Linked Gene in Gallinaceous Birds

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Evolution of the avian sex chromosomes from an ancestral pair of autosomes

Evolution of the avian sex chromosomes from an ancestral pair of autosomes

Sexually dimorphic eggs, nestling growth and sibling competition in American Kestrels Falco sparverius

Sex and death in birds: A model of dosage compensation that predicts lethality of sex chromosome aneuploids

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