Cell cycle arrest and autoschizis in a human bladder carcinoma cell line following Vitamin C and Vitamin K3 treatment

Morphology and DNA degeneration during autoschizic cell death in bladder carcinoma T24 cells induced by ascorbate and menadione treatment

“…cells showed ultrastructural aspects consistent with autoschizic cell death (Gilloteaux et al, 1998a(Gilloteaux et al, , 1998b(Gilloteaux et al, , 2001a(Gilloteaux et al, , 2001b(Gilloteaux et al, , 2001cJamison et al, 2002Jamison et al, , 2004. The most common motif of autoschizis entails the formation of "doublets" (Ervin et al, 1998).…”

“…VC exhibits selective toxicity toward melanoma (Bram et al, 1980), leukemia (Park et al, 1980), neuroblastoma (Prasad et al, 1979b), and ascite (Liotti et al, 1984) cell lines by inhibiting cancer cell growth in vitro (Benade et al, 1969;Yamafuji et al, 1971;Koch and Biaglow, 1978;De Loecker et al, 1993;Leung et al, 1993;Medina et al, 1994;Gilloteaux et al, 1995Gilloteaux et al, , 1998aGilloteaux et al, , 1998bGilloteaux et al, , 2001aGilloteaux et al, , 2001bGilloteaux et al, , 2001cGilloteaux et al, , 2003aGilloteaux et al, , 2003bGilloteaux et al, , 2004Gilloteaux et al, , 2005Jamison et al, 1996Jamison et al, , 2002Jamison et al, , 2004Jamison et al, , 2005Menon et al, 1998). VC is selectively toxic to tumor cells in vivo (Pierson and Meadows, 1983;Varga and Airoldi, 1983;Tsao et al, 1988;Taper et al, 2001) and can kill cells in solid primary tumors and metastases (Taper et al, 1987(Taper et al, , 1996Taper and Roberfroid, 1992).…”

“…VK 3 has also been shown to be cytotoxic to a variety of urological tumors (Venugopal et al, 1996a(Venugopal et al, , 1996bErvin et al, 1998;Gilloteaux et al, 1998aGilloteaux et al, , 1998bGilloteaux et al, , 1999aGilloteaux et al, , 2001aGilloteaux et al, , 2001bGilloteaux et al, , 2001cGilloteaux et al, , 2005Jamison et al, 2004Jamison et al, , 2005. Furthermore, VK 3 has been shown to be equally potent against human multiple drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cells, as well as against human tumor explants derived from patients who are refractory to other types of chemotherapy .…”

“…VK 3 has also been shown to be a chemosensitizer (Waxman and Bruckner, 1982). While at least a portion of this antitumor activity may be due to the ability of VK 3 to induce cell cycle arrest or delay at both G 1 /S and G 2 /M phases of the cell cycle (Wu et al, 1993a(Wu et al, , 1993bJamison et al, 1996Jamison et al, , 2004, the majority of its antitumor properties may be attributed to its role as a pro-oxidant (Comporti, 1989).…”

“…However, during the course of studies designed to evaluate the antitumor activity of sodium ascorbate (VC) and menadione bisulfite (VK 3 ) combinations against the DU145 human prostate carcinoma cell line, it was observed that cancer cells underwent cell death by using a mechanism different than necrosis or apoptosis (Gilloteaux et al, 1995(Gilloteaux et al, , 1998aJamison et al, 1996;Venugopal et al, 1996b). VC:VK 3 treatment of a second cell line (T24 bladder carcinoma) produced identical cytoplasmic and nuclear changes with specific DNA degradation (Ervin et al, 1998;Gilloteaux et al, 1998aGilloteaux et al, , 1998bGilloteaux et al, , 1999aGilloteaux et al, , 2001aGilloteaux et al, , 2001bGilloteaux et al, , 2001cJamison et al, 2004). After these changes were observed in other bladder cancer cell lines (J82, SCaBER, TCCSUP, RT4) (Jamison et al, 1996;Venugopal et al, 1996b), we believed that we had discovered a new form of cell death.…”