Cell Division Controls Final Fruit Size in Three Apple (Malus x domestica) Cultivars

Karim, Siti Khadijah A.; Allan, Andrew C.; Schaffer, Robert J.; David, Karine

doi:10.3390/horticulturae8070657

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…While influenced by growing conditions and nutrient availability, apple size is mainly determined by genetic factors [254][255][256][257][258]. Apart from marketability and consumer preference, apple size also correlates with internal quality parameters [61,62].…”

Section: Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review

Grabska

Beć

Ueno

et al. 2023

Foods

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Spectroscopic methods deliver a valuable non-destructive analytical tool that provides simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of various samples. Apples belong to the world’s most consumed crops and with the current challenges of climate change and human impacts on the environment, maintaining high-quality apple production has become critical. This review comprehensively analyzes the application of spectroscopy in near-infrared (NIR) and visible (Vis) regions, which not only show particular potential in evaluating the quality parameters of apples but also in optimizing their production and supply routines. This includes the assessment of the external and internal characteristics such as color, size, shape, surface defects, soluble solids content (SSC), total titratable acidity (TA), firmness, starch pattern index (SPI), total dry matter concentration (DM), and nutritional value. The review also summarizes various techniques and approaches used in Vis/NIR studies of apples, such as authenticity, origin, identification, adulteration, and quality control. Optical sensors and associated methods offer a wide suite of solutions readily addressing the main needs of the industry in practical routines as well, e.g., efficient sorting and grading of apples based on sweetness and other quality parameters, facilitating quality control throughout the production and supply chain. This review also evaluates ongoing development trends in the application of handheld and portable instruments operating in the Vis/NIR and NIR spectral regions for apple quality control. The use of these technologies can enhance apple crop quality, maintain competitiveness, and meet the demands of consumers, making them a crucial topic in the apple industry. The focal point of this review is placed on the literature published in the last five years, with the exceptions of seminal works that have played a critical role in shaping the field or representative studies that highlight the progress made in specific areas.

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Section: Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review

Grabska

Beć

Ueno

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…The rapid increase in the fruit width coincided with the PG and PME activity intersections. Karim et al (2022) also pointed out a sharp increase in the fruit width in the cell expansion phase. Hence, the intersection of the increase in PG activity with a decrease in PME activity is thought to be a triggering factor that accelerates cell expansion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Different Activities of Pectin-degrading Enzymes Affecting the Growth of Asian Pears

Baek,

Park,

Lee

et al. 2023

HST

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Fruit size is determined by the number and size of cells resulting from cell division and expansion, which are correlated with changes in the cell wall content. The pivotal roles of pectin-methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) have been well documented with regard to fruit ripening. Therefore, this study analyzed fruit growth and pectin contents for three consecutive years (from 2019 to 2021) until 180 days after full bloom (DAFB) at 15-day intervals to examine how pectin in the cell wall components affects fruit growth and development. Although there were no differences in the fruit size at harvest for these three years, the absolute fruit growth rate (AGR) peaked most rapidly in 2020, reaching the maximum fruit size earlier compared to the other two years. The pectin content of fruits in 2020, which showed the fastest growth, remained at a low level early in the growing season compared to those in the other years. The change in the pattern of the gradual increase in the PG activity with a decrease in the PME activity resulted in correspondingly different intersecting points over the three years. We found that the intersection of PME and PG activities observed in the order of 2020, 2021, and 2019 was identical to the order when the fruits reached their final weight. Interestingly, this timeline coincided with the point in time when the AGR increased rapidly over these three years. Differences in fruit volume increases, pectin contents, and pectin-degrading enzyme activities observed during fruit growth over three years suggest that the intersection of PME and PG activities is one of the key factors influencing cell expansion activation. Taken together, these results indicate that the intersection of PME and PG activities may affect the pectin content during fruit growth and development, which in turn affects the fruit growth rate in Asian pears.

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“…Final fruit size is determined by both cell division and cell expansion during fruit growth and development (Denne, 1963;Olmstead et al, 2007;Malladi & Hirst, 2010). Cell number has a much close relationship with fruit size (Bain & Robertson, 1951;Westwood et al, 1967;Malladi & Hirst, 2010;Karim et al, 2022). The cell division occurs during fruit set, continues until 35-50 day after anthesis (DAA), and the nal fruit cell number is determined in this phase (Denne, 1963;Karim et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cell number has a much close relationship with fruit size (Bain & Robertson, 1951;Westwood et al, 1967;Malladi & Hirst, 2010;Karim et al, 2022). The cell division occurs during fruit set, continues until 35-50 day after anthesis (DAA), and the nal fruit cell number is determined in this phase (Denne, 1963;Karim et al, 2022). After the cell division phase, cell expansion becomes the mainly event for fruit enlargement, which reaches the peak at 40 to 60 DAA, although it continues until fruit ripening (Janssen et al, 2008;Karim et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cell division occurs during fruit set, continues until 35-50 day after anthesis (DAA), and the nal fruit cell number is determined in this phase (Denne, 1963;Karim et al, 2022). After the cell division phase, cell expansion becomes the mainly event for fruit enlargement, which reaches the peak at 40 to 60 DAA, although it continues until fruit ripening (Janssen et al, 2008;Karim et al, 2022). However, it's unclear that the genetic variation in nal fruit size within Malus species is associated dominantly with cell number, cell size, or both.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic variations in MdSAUR36 participate in the negative regulation of mesocarp cell division and fruit size in Malus species

Tian,

Wu,

Liu

et al. 2024

Mol Breeding

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Final fruit size of apple (Malus domestica) cultivars is related to both mesocarp cell division and cell expansion during fruit growth, but it is unclear whether the cell division and/or cell enlargement determine most the differences in fruit size between Malus species. In this study, by using an interspeci c hybrid population between M. asiatica 'Zisai Pearl' and M. domestica cultivar 'Red Fuji', we found that the mesocarp cell number was the main causal factor of diversity in fruit size between Malus species. Rapid increase in mesocarp cell number occurred prior to 28 days after anthesis (DAA), while cell size increased gradually after 28 DAA until fruit ripening. Six candidate genes related to auxin signaling or cell cycle were predicted by combining the RNA-seq data and previous QTL data for fruit weight. Two InDels and 10 SNPs in the promoter of a small auxin upregulated RNA gene MdSAUR36 in 'Zisai Pearl' led to a lower promoter activity than that of 'Red Fuji'. One non-synonymous SNP G/T at 379 bp downstream of the ATG codon of MdSAUR36, which was heterozygous in 'Zisai Pearl', exerted signi cant genotype effects on fruit weight, length, and width. Transgenic apple calli by over-expressing or RNAi MdSAUR36 con rmed that MdSAUR36 participated in the negative regulation of mesocarp cell division and thus apple fruit size. These results could provide new insights in the molecular mechanism of small fruit size in Malusaccession and be potentially used in molecular assisted breeding via interspeci c hybridization.

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Cell Division Controls Final Fruit Size in Three Apple (Malus x domestica) Cultivars

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review

Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review

Different Activities of Pectin-degrading Enzymes Affecting the Growth of Asian Pears

Genetic variations in MdSAUR36 participate in the negative regulation of mesocarp cell division and fruit size in Malus species

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