Everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and modern preventive, preventive and rehabilitative manipulations promote health and well-being. Thanks to a number of fundamental projects on the study of human health at various levels (genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic), and molecular mechanisms of the development of pathological conditions, there has been a great leap in the field of applied sectors of industrial biotechnology, including segments of the pharmaceutical and food industries, significantly replenished health-saving resources and improved the quality of life of the population. This article will review the advanced achievements of fundamental and applied research, as well as promising areas of the bioindustry.