Cellular Attachment and Differentiation on Titania Nanotubes Exposed to Air- or Nitrogen-Based Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

Abstract

The surface topography and chemistry of titanium implants are important factors for successful osseointegration. However, chemical modification of an implant surface using currently available methods often results in the disruption of topographical features and the loss of beneficial effects during the shelf life of the implant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to apply the recently highlighted portable non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NTAPPJ), elicited from one of two different gas sources (nitrogen and air), to TiO2 nanotube surfaces to further improve their osteogenic properties while preserving the topographical morphology. The surface treatment was performed before implantation to avoid age-related decay. The surface chemistry and morphology of the TiO2 nanotube surfaces before and after the NTAPPJ treatment were determined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope, a surface profiler, a contact angle goniometer, and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope. The MC3T3-E1 cell viability, attachment and morphology were confirmed using calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining, and analysis of gene expression using rat mesenchymal stem cells was performed using a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that both portable nitrogen- and air-based NTAPPJ could be used on TiO2 nanotube surfaces easily and without topographical disruption. NTAPPJ resulted in a significant increase in the hydrophilicity of the surfaces as well as changes in the surface chemistry, which consequently increased the cell viability, attachment and differentiation compared with the control samples. The nitrogen-based NTAPPJ treatment group exhibited a higher osteogenic gene expression level than the air-based NTAPPJ treatment group due to the lower atomic percentage of carbon on the surface that resulted from treatment. It was concluded that NTAPPJ treatment of TiO2 nanotube surfaces results in an increase in cellular activity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this treatment leads to improved osseointegration in vitro.

Maintenance and Restoration Effect of the Surface Hydrophilicity of Pure Titanium by Sodium Hydroxide Treatment and Its Effect on the Bioactivity of Osteoblasts

“…The above results show that the better hydrophilicity of the materials prepared by a given technology, the higher the corresponding biological properties are. Hydrophilic surfaces were shown to promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts on the surface of Ti discs, and the results are the same as those in the previous study [25]. It is worth pointing out that for the SLA/NaOH-10s and SLA-PECVD/NaOH-10s groups, the MTT values of SLA/NaOH-10s were less than those of SLA-PECVD/NaOH-10s, although SLA/NaOH-10s were more hydrophilic than SLA-PECVD/NaOH-10s.…”

“…SPSS 17.0 software was used for all statistical analyses. Based on the results from previous studies [24][25][26][27], data from at least three independent experiments were used. Group means and standard deviations were used to calculate each parameter.…”

Demineralized Dentin as a Semi‐Rigid Barrier for Guiding Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

“…It was found that BMSCs attached more to the 6‐hour acid‐treated dentin and exhibited a more outstretched appearance compared with that of HA. This observation is consistent with contact angle assay and suggested an early cell attachment in vivo, which is of vital importance for the initiation of the regeneration progress 44 …”

“…This observation is consistent with contact angle assay and suggested an early cell attachment in vivo, which is of vital importance for the initiation of the regeneration progress. 44 In this study, the periodontal defect is induced in the canine model. The protocol was similar to most Class II furcation defects around dog molars.…”

Surface-Dependent Osteoblasts Response to TiO2 Nanotubes of Different Crystallinity

“…It also should be noted that the mechanism of cell adhesion is driven by promoting the adsorption of selected proteins (such as a high-molecular-weight nanometer-sized glycoprotein fibronectin), which are important for integrin-mediated communication between cells and surface. Oh et al [44] assumed that flat Ti had a lower population of fibronectin aggregates due to its lower hydrophilicity in comparison with higher-surface-area TNTs surfaces, the latter was shown by water droplet contact angle tests [16,33,45,46]. Moreover, the efficiency of fibronectin adhesion to TNTs surfaces varies depending on the size of TNTs pores.…”