Cellulases from psychrophilic microorganisms: a review

Abstract

Cellulases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze total hydrolysis of cellulose into sugars. Cellulases are produced by various groups of microorganisms and animals; however, psychrophiles are the ideal candidates for the production of enzymes active at low temperature and stable under alkaline conditions, in the presence of oxidants and detergents, which are in large demand as laundry additives. The cellulases from psychrophiles also find application in environmental bioremediation, food industry and molecular biology. Research work on cellulase has been done over the last six decades, but there is no exclusive review available on the cellulases from psychrophiles. This review is an attempt to fill this gap by providing all the relevant information exclusively for cellulases from psychrophiles, with a focus on the present status of knowledge on their activity, molecular characteristics, gene cloning, statistical experimental designs, crystal structure, and strategies for the improvement of psychrophilic cellulases.

A cold-active acidophilic endoglucanase of Paenibacillus sp. Y2 isolated from soil in an alpine region

“…However, optimum temperature of the EG-PY2 was lower than those of these three endoglucanases (35, 40 and 50 o C, respectively) (Fu et al 2010;Dhar et al 2015). Cold-active and acidophilic enzymes are being exploited in various fields (Kasana and Gulati 2011;Dong et al 2016). Recently, a cold-active and acidic endoglucanase was isolated from an animal source and used to for the hydrolysis of seaweeds to produce biofuels (Song et al 2017).…”

“…However, only a few bacterial cellulases have been reported to be acidophilic enzymes, and cellulases from Bacillus (Blanco et al 1998;Li et al 2006;Zhu et al 2011;Rawat and Tewari 2012) or Paenibacillus species (Dhar et al 2015;Kanchanadumkerng et al 2017) are of particular interest. On the other hand, cold-active enzymes have attracted more attention than mesophilic enzymes from the potential application standpoint because of lower limits of protein stability and short of information up to now (Kasana and Gulati 2011). Furthermore, only a few bacterial cold-active cellulases have been described, such as, Pseudoalteromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., or Paenibacillus sp.…”

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“…They hydrolyze β-1,4 linkages in cellulose chains (Zhang et al, 2013). Cellulases are used in the textile industry (Carrasco et al 2016), in detergents and pulp and paper industry (Kasana et al 2011). Another important enzymes for the industry are lipases, they are not involved in the lignin degradation, but they produced for fungi and its industrial application is extensive, they are used in wastewater treatment (Senthil Raja et al 2012).…”

Synergy of crude enzyme cocktail from cold-adapted Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase achieving high sugars yield at low cost

“…Cold-adapted microorganisms have a considerable potential in biotechnological application, including waste treatment and bioremediation at ambient temperatures, textile and food industries [22,23]. Bioconversion catalyzed by cold-adaptive enzymes produced by these psychrophilic microorganisms have three advantages, firstly they have the potential to economize processes by saving energy because of their high activity at low and moderate temperatures and thus offer potential economic and environmental benefits [23].…”

“…Bioconversion catalyzed by cold-adaptive enzymes produced by these psychrophilic microorganisms have three advantages, firstly they have the potential to economize processes by saving energy because of their high activity at low and moderate temperatures and thus offer potential economic and environmental benefits [23]. Secondly, mild industrial conditions at an ambient temperature are beneficial for preventing modification of original heat-sensitive substrates and generation of adverse by-products [24].…”