Cellulose-Based Biosensors for Esterase Detection

Abstract

Cellulose has emerged as an attractive substrate for the production of economical, disposable, point-of-care (POC) analytical devices. Development of novel methods of (bio)activation is central to broadening the application space of cellulosic materials. Ironically, such efforts are stymied by the inherent biocompatibility and recalcitrance of cellulose fibers. Here, we have elaborated a versatile, chemo-enzymatic approach to activate cellulosic materials for CuAAC "click chemistry", to develop new fluorogenic esterase sensors. Gentle, aqueous modification conditions facilitate broad applicability to cellulose papers, gauzes, and hydrogels. Tethering of the released fluorophore to the cellulose surface prevents signal degradation due to diffusion and enables straightforward, sensitive visualization with a simple light source in resource-limited situations.

Peptide-Cellulose Conjugates on Cotton-Based Materials Have Protease Sensor/Sequestrant Activity

“…Moreover, Schyrr et al [ 31 ] have recently reported a fiber optic sensor based on the degradation of thin gelatin films which detect matrix metalloproteases at levels of 1–10 micrograms/mL, and also serve as a substrate to lower protease activity. These types of apparent noninvasive designs using modified hydrogels that allow unimpeded aqueous diffusion of the protease into the sensor/dressing matrix have similarities to a cellulosic approach for in situ detection of esterases reported by Derikvand et al [ 33 ]. Alternatively, we have previously proposed an approach utilizing a barrier to prevent uptake of the protease hydrolysis product (free fluorophore or chromophore) into the wound bed [ 23 ].…”

A review on advances in methods for modification of paper supports for use in point-of-care testing

“…Paper functionalized with zinc oxide nanorods was used to preconcentrate myoglobin with enhanced performance compared to that of the unmodified paper [13]. A chemoenzymatic modification technology was developed to prepare paper-based fluorogenic esterase biosensors [26]. A wax-based technology was applied to modify hydrophobic patterns and hydrophobic barriers on paper using a wax printer [27] and a pen-writing approach [28].…”

Covalent functionalization of solid cellulose by divergent synthesis of chemically active dendrons

“…These attractive properties, especially when coupled with chemical and/or physical modifications that influence function, provide a platform for the development of advanced materials based on cellulose. In fact, during the past several decades, studies have shown that surface modifications of cellulose produce functional surfaces that can be used for high‐value‐added applications in areas as diverse as composite materials, flexible organic electronics, biomedical applications, microfluidic devices, self‐cleaning surfaces, and oil–water separation systems …”

“…These attractive properties, especially when coupled with chemical and/or physical modifications that influence function, provide a platform for the development of advanced materials based on cellulose. In fact, during the past several decades, studies have shown that surface modifications of cellulose produce functional surfaces that can be used for high-valueadded applications in areas as diverse as composite materials, 7-10 flexible organic electronics, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] biomedical applications, [18][19][20][21][22][23] microfluidic devices, 24,25 self-cleaning surfaces, 26 and oil-water separation systems. 27,28 Chemical reactivity of cellulose arises from three hydroxyl groups present in each anhydroglucose repeating unit of the cellulose macrostructure, which can be functionalized through esterification or etherification reactions.…”