Cellulose Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering

Abstract

In this review, we highlight the importance of nanostructure of cellulose-based biomaterials to allow cellular adhesion, the contribution of nanostructure to macroscale mechanical properties, and several key applications of these materials for fundamental scientific research and biomedical engineering. Different features on the nanoscale can have macroscale impacts on tissue function. Cellulose is a diverse material with tunable properties and is a promising platform for biomaterial development and tissue engineering. Cellulose-based biomaterials offer some important advantages over conventional synthetic materials. Here we provide an up-to-date summary of the status of the field of cellulose-based biomaterials in the context of bottom-up approaches for tissue engineering. We anticipate that cellulose-based material research will continue to expand because of the diversity and versatility of biochemical and biophysical characteristics highlighted in this review.

Insulin production from hiPSC‐derived pancreatic cells in a novel wicking matrix bioreactor

“…It is economical, biocompatible and is readily modifiable to match the desired mechanical and chemical properties (Courtenay, Sharma & Scott, 2018; de Oliveira Barud et al, 2016). Because cellulose is not biodegradable, it can offer long lasting structural support in tissue engineering; moreover, its inertness can reduce immune response (Courtenay et al, 2018; Hickey & Pelling, 2019). Therefore, cellulose is a good candidate for a range of applications including, artificial skin, wound dressing, bone tissue engineering, nerve tissue repair, and drug delivery (Hickey & Pelling, 2019).…”

Aerogels from Cellulose Phosphates of Low Degree of Substitution: A TBAF·H2O/DMSO Based Approach

“…This is in agreement with previous work [36] and has been observed for other cellulose II gels too. Examples include gels formed by water-induced coagulation of cellulose from solvent systems like NMMO·H 2 samples in water of incrementally increasing ethanol content (50%, 75%, 96%, and 100%) caused the gels to shrink by up to 18 vol.% ( Figure 1, Table 1). This is in agreement with previous work [36] Interestingly, both types of hydrogels prepared from the respective phosphorylated cellulosic materials suffered from less shrinkage during the solvent exchange sequence than their P-free counterparts ( Figure 1).…”

Mechanoenzymatic Transformations in the Absence of Bulk Water: A More Natural Way of Using Enzymes

“…The RAging method generated three times more glucose than the comparable hydrolysis reactions carried out in the presence of bulk water (buffered or not) and at equivalent enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio. Interestingly, the remaining cellulose after the cellulases RAging reaction was mostly cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a high‐value substrate for coatings, membranes, and tissue scaffolding, used for example in medical devices and in biodegradable packaging materials . With its versatility, unequalled space‐time yield (20 g of glucose L −1 h −1 ), and highly concentrated product, the RAging process is creating interesting opportunities in biocatalysis.…”

“…The RAging methodg enerated three times more glucose than the comparable hydrolysis reactionsc arriedo ut in the presence of bulk water (buffered or not) and at equivalent enzyme-to-substrater atio. Interestingly,t he remaining cellulose after the cellulases RAging reactionw as mostlyc ellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), ah igh-value substrate for coatings, [136,137] membranes, [138,139] and tissue scaffolding, [140] used for example in medical devices and in biodegradable packaging materi- Figure 4. The threetypes of cellulase enzymes: endoglucanases (yellow), that cleave cellulose chains at randomsites, generating oligosaccharides ;e xoglucanases (or cellobiohydrolases, orange) which progressively cleave cellobiose units from the ends of polysaccharide chains;a nd b-glucosidases (green) that hydrolyze soluble cellobiose to glucose.…”