Cellulose Derivatives Derived From Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge

Barkalow, David G.; Young, Richard M.

doi:10.1080/02773818508085195

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This property makes it unimportant for most of the industrial uses except some as wood for building; paper products; cotton, linen and rayon for clothes; nitrocellulose for explosives; cellulose acetate for films. As the cellulose is susceptible for chemical derivatization reaction (Barkalow & Young, 1985) so it can be converted to useful chemical feedstock. Etherification of cellulose is one of the most important routes of cellulose derivatization (Lilienfeld, 1912,1916).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A scanning electron microscope based new method for determining degree of substitution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Singh

Khatri

2011

Journal of Microscopy

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Summary Na‐CMC or sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose is a water soluble anionic polymer obtained by introducing carboxymethyl groups along the cellulose chain. Na‐CMC is usually synthesized by the alkali catalyzed reaction of cellulose with monochloroacetic acid. The functional properties of Na‐CMC depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e. how many of the hydroxyl groups are substituted per monomer unit), and also on the chain length of the cellulose backbone. The degree of substitution of Na‐CMC is usually determined according to ASTM D1439 which evolves the conversion of the Na‐CMC to free acid then again forming Na‐CMC by adding excess alkali and finally titrating the excess alkali with standard hydrochloric acid (0.3 N). The used volume of the standard alkali determines the degree of substitution. These existing chemical methods for determining the degree of substitution are not very convenient and very time‐consuming involving the use of hazardous chemicals. In this research, we have evaluated that the scanning electron microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis can be used to directly determine the degree of substitution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tel. : +91-135-2525708; fax: +91-135-2660203; e-mail: rksingh@iip.res.in reaction (Barkalow & Young, 1985) so it can be converted to useful chemical feedstock. Etherification of cellulose is one of the most important routes of cellulose derivatization (Lilienfeld, 1912(Lilienfeld, ,1916.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scanning electron microscope based new method for determining degree of substitution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Singh

Khatri

2011

Journal of Microscopy

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“…Cellulose rich biomass is increasingly important as a potential alternative fuel feedstock, but also as a chemical feedstock. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins can be broken down into smaller compounds or, given their high functionality, are suitable for chemical derivatization (2,3) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and nanomechanical analysis of rice husk modified by ATRP-grafted oligomer

Morsi

Pakzad

Amin

et al. 2011

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Rice husk (RH), an abundant agricultural residue, was reacted with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, to convert it to a heterogeneous polyfunctional macroinitiator for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). The number of active sites placed on the RH surface was small, but they were ATRP active. Non-polar methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polar acrylonitrile (AN) were polymerized from the RH, and a sequential monomer addition was used to prepare an amphiphilic PMMA-b-PAN copolymer on RH surface. FTIR qualitatively confirmed the grafting. Gravimetric and XPS analysis of the different RH surface compositions indicated thin layers of oligomeric PMMA, PAN, and PMMA-b-PAN. The modified surfaces were mapped by nanomechanical AFM to measure surface roughness, and adhesion and moduli using the Derjaguin-Muller-Toropov model. RH grafted with MMA possessed a roughness value of 7.92, and a hard and weakly adhering surface (13.1 GPa and 16.7 nN respectively) while RH grafted with AN yielded a roughness value of 29 with hardness and adhesion values of 4.0 GPa and 23.5 nN. The PMMA-b-PAN modification afforded a surface with a roughness value of 51.5 nm, with hardness and adhesion values of 3.0 GPa and .75.3 nN.

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“…In addition, some of these polyelectrolytes can be produced from by-products of other industries. For example, chitosan 2 can be obtained from wastes in the seafood industry, while LSA 6 and CMC 10 have been produced from pulp and paper mill sludge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of proteins and other biological compounds using fibrous materials: II. Flocculation by polyelectrolyte addition

Chen

Carbonell

Serad

1999

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

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Polyelectrolytes have been used in wastewater treatment processes to destabilize colloidal suspensions of proteins, cells and other biological compounds, resulting in¯occulation. When a solution containing a single model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), is treated with a polyelectrolyte, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), large and strong¯ocs are formed, which are easily retained by a 20 mm pore size ®lter. However, when a mixture of proteins, cells, and fats from an actual wastewater sample is treated in the same manner, smaller and weaker¯ocs are observed. An adsorption and ®ltration process for the recovery of valuable biological compounds using cellulosebased ®brous materials has been developed. When used simultaneously with CMC, cellulose acetate and triacetate ®brets (CAF and CTF) resulted in high recovery of biomolecules from solution at very low dosages of both polyelectrolyte and ®brets. CMC interacts with biomolecules by electrostatic interactions and polymer bridging, while CTF/CAF facilitate¯oc growth by adsorption and bridging of primary particles and by entrapment of small aggregates within their highly ®brillated microstructure.

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Cellulose Derivatives Derived From Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge

Cited by 25 publications

References 4 publications

A scanning electron microscope based new method for determining degree of substitution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

A scanning electron microscope based new method for determining degree of substitution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Chemical and nanomechanical analysis of rice husk modified by ATRP-grafted oligomer

Recovery of proteins and other biological compounds using fibrous materials: II. Flocculation by polyelectrolyte addition

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