Cellulose-Derived Nanostructures as Sustainable Biomass for Supercapacitors: A Review

Abstract

Sustainable biomass has attracted a great attention in developing green renewable energy storage devices (e.g., supercapacitors) with low-cost, flexible and lightweight characteristics. Therefore, cellulose has been considered as a suitable candidate to meet the requirements of sustainable energy storage devices due to their most abundant nature, renewability, hydrophilicity, and biodegradability. Particularly, cellulose-derived nanostructures (CNS) are more promising due to their low-density, high surface area, high aspect ratio, and excellent mechanical properties. Recently, various research activities based on CNS and/or various conductive materials have been performed for supercapacitors. In addition, CNS-derived carbon nanofibers prepared by carbonization have also drawn considerable scientific interest because of their high conductivity and rational electrochemical properties. Therefore, CNS or carbonized-CNS based functional materials provide ample opportunities in structure and design engineering approaches for sustainable energy storage devices. In this review, we first provide the introduction and then discuss the fundamentals and technologies of supercapacitors and utilized materials (including cellulose). Next, the efficacy of CNS or carbonized-CNS based materials is discussed. Further, various types of CNS are described and compared. Then, the efficacy of these CNS or carbonized-CNS based materials in developing sustainable energy storage devices is highlighted. Finally, the conclusion and future perspectives are briefly conferred.

Polymer Cross‐Linking on Highly Continuous Carbon for High‐power Supercapacitor

“…[15][16][17][18][19] The hierarchical CSC electrode materials have some advantages of improving charge transfer speed, maintaining strength of electrode, optimizing ion transfer path and reducing diffusion resistance, as follows: i) Continuous skeleton network of CSC can reduce the high resistance interface between electrode and optimize the distribution of electron transfer path throughout the electrode, so the charge and discharge capacity of electrode is enhanced at high speeds; ii) Uniform electrons distribution through conductive skeleton can effectively avoid charge aggregation toward the uniform electric field and the substantial reduction of electrode shedding or pore collapse caused by electrons or ions aggregation; iii) electron movement and ion transporting of supercapacitor devices are constrained mutually and synergistically, the fast and uniform electron movement could further enhance ion transporting and reduce ineffective active sites, thereby specific capacity of supercapacitor is increased. [20][21][22][23][24][25] Although many previously-reported methods such as template method and polymerization method can effectively realize the continuity of skeleton carbon, [26][27][28][29][30][31] they require expensive raw materials and harsh reaction conditions and difficultly control the polymerization process of precursor precisely. These methods intrinsically have limitations such as high production cost, inability to control the microstructure of carbon directionally, low porosity or uneven pore size distribution of carbon, and low energy density.…”

Advancement in Biosensor Technologies of 2D MaterialIntegrated with Cellulose—Physical Properties

“…Graphene-based biosensors have demonstrated remarkable sensitivity in detecting glucose levels, which is advantageous for managing diabetes. Similarly, sensors based on MoS 2 exhibit increased specificity in differentiating various biomolecules, making them essential for analyzing complex biological samples [ 130 ].…”

Nature-Inspired Nano Cellulose Materials, Advancements in Nano Cellulose Preparation and Versatile Applications

“…• The incorporation of nanocellulose materials derived from nature into sustainable energy solutions highlights the significance of materials science in addressing the need for cleaner and more effective energy technologies on a worldwide scale [85,86]. We may anticipate new developments as this field of study develops that take advantage of the remarkable qualities of nano cellulose, providing a greener and more sustainable energy future [87,88].…”