Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) produced by different mechanical methods to improve mechanical properties of recycled paper

Hu, Fugang; Zeng, Jinsong; Cheng, Zheng; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Bin; Zeng, Zhanting; Chen, Kefu

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117474

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Mechanical defibrillation is more advantageous then chemical routes because it is a simple and rapid method which preserves the high aspect ratio of the fibers and a “clean” surface, without sulfonic, carboxyl or other functionalities. However, the size distribution of cellulose fibers obtained by mechanical defibrillation is large, from tenth of nanometers to a few microns, 30,31 similar to our results.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes

Panaitescu

Nicolae

Melinte³

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Composite materials from thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with biodegradable segments and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were developed as alternatives to traditional materials used in packaging or biomedical applications. Two TPUs were synthesized by the prepolymer method starting from different soft segments, poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(butylene adipate) (PUBA) or poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PUEO), and isophorone diisocyanate/aliphatic chain extender. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) confirmed the structure and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) along with scanning electron microscopy showed that the soft segments with different hydrophobicity led to a higher phase mixing in PUBA and improved microphase separation in PUEO. MFC was added in the TPUs with different soft segments to increase biocompatibility, strength, and degradation rate. A better thermal stability, a gradual increase of crystallinity and a better dispersion of MFC were noticed in PUEO composites compared to PUBA ones. The crystallinity increased with 78% and 50% in PUBA and PUEO composites with 5 wt% MFC compared to the neat polyurethanes showing the nucleating ability of MFC. In addition, the enhanced storage modulus, with 75% and 25% in PUEO and PUBA composites, highlighted the reinforcing efficiency of MFC. Therefore, the addition of MFC to the already synthesized TPUs allows tailoring the morphology and thermal properties of TPUs for industrial application.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes

Panaitescu

Nicolae

Melinte³

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…In the last decades, the production of nanocellulose obtained from the cell walls of wood fibers and plants has gained great interest due to its interesting properties, such as high tensile strength and stiffness, low weight, renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Consequently, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) can be used in several applications, such as reinforcement in biocomposites [ 4 ], biomedical application [ 5 ], strength additive in papermaking [ 6 ] and aerogels [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the application considered, one of these fractions can be more useful than the other. For instance, Hu et al [ 6 ] considered CNFs obtained by different mechanical method to analyze its performance as reinforcement of a recycled fiber paper. They found that CNFs with low nanofibrillation yield can produce a clear favorable effect provided that the aspect ratio (length/diameter) was high enough.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Oxalic Acid Concentration and Different Mechanical Pre-Treatments on the Production of Cellulose Micro/Nanofibers

et al. 2022

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The present work analyzes the effect of process variables and the method of characterization of cellulose micro/nanofibers (CMNFs) obtained by different treatments. A chemical pre-treatment was performed using oxalic acid at 25 wt.% and 50 wt.%. Moreover, for mechanical pre-treatments, a rotary homogenizer or a PFI mill refiner were considered. For the mechanical fibrillation to obtain CMNFs, 5 and 15 passes through a pressurized homogenization were considered. The best results of nanofibrillation yield (76.5%), transmittance (72.1%) and surface charges (71.0 µeq/g CMNF) were obtained using the PFI mill refiner, 50 wt.% oxalic acid and 15 passes. Nevertheless, the highest aspect ratio (length/diameter) determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was found using the PFI mill refiner and 25 wt.% oxalic acid treatment. The aspect ratio was related to the gel point and intrinsic viscosity of CMNF suspensions. The values estimated for gel point agree with those determined by TEM. Moreover, a strong relationship between the intrinsic viscosity [η] of the CMNF dispersions and the corresponding aspect ratio (p) was found (ρ[η] = 0.014 p2.3, R2 = 0.99). Finally, the tensile strength of films obtained from CMNF suspensions was more influenced by the nanofibrillation yield than their aspect ratio.

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“…Carbon materials are widely used as rubber fillers, especially carbon nanofibers (CNFs), because of their good reinforcing effect and excellent thermoelectric properties 8–10 . However, CNFs as fillers are prone to agglomeration when blended with rubber, resulting in uneven dispersion of fillers, and the excellent properties of CNFs cannot be maximized, while the performance of rubber composites is difficult to achieve the expected results 11–13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of synergy between pyrolysis carbon black and carbon nanofibers on composite properties

Yan

Han

2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as new materials have been the focus of materials research, while being widely used in the processing of rubber composites. To solve the problem that CNFs are easy to agglomerate, the existing methods are mainly chemical modification of CNFs (complicated processing process), blending with fillers such as carbon nanotube (expensive material and high production cost ratio). In this study, we integrated the economics and processing methods, and used pyrolysis carbon black (CBp) and CNFs for blending to prepare rubber composites to solve the filler agglomeration problem. It was found that CBp and CNFs produce a synergistic effect, and the two are isolated from each other and in contact with each other, forming a more complete filler network inside the composite. Through the synergistic effect, the filler dispersion in the rubber becomes better and the performance of the composite is greatly improved. Compared with traditional filler blending, it is more economical and can save production costs to a great extent; compared with chemical modification, the process is simple and saves production time. The recycling of rubber products can be promoted through the mass use of CBp, which has a certain environmental protection effect. This study provides new ideas for polymer composite processing, and more experiments are needed later to verify the feasibility of this method.

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Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) produced by different mechanical methods to improve mechanical properties of recycled paper

Cited by 71 publications

References 43 publications

Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes

Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes

Effect of Oxalic Acid Concentration and Different Mechanical Pre-Treatments on the Production of Cellulose Micro/Nanofibers

Effect of synergy between pyrolysis carbon black and carbon nanofibers on composite properties

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