Cement Composites with Graphene Nanoplatelets and Recycled Milled Carbon Fibers Dispersed in Air Nanobubble Water

Abstract

The individual effect of nano- and micro-carbon-based fillers on the mechanical and the electrical properties of cement paste were experimentally examined in this study. The objective of the study was to separately examine the effects of size and morphology (platelets and fibers) of nano- and micro-reinforcement. Three different sizes of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs), at contents of 0.05% and 0.20% and recycled milled carbon fibers (rCFs), at various dosages from 0.1–2.5% by weight of cement, were incorporated into the cementitious matrix. GNPs and rCFs were dispersed in water with air nanobubbles (NBs), an innovative method that, compared to common practice, does not require the use of chemicals or high ultrasonic energy. Compressive and bending tests were performed on GNPs- and rCFs-composites. The four-wire-method was used to evaluate the effect of the conductive fillers on the electrical resistivity of cement paste. The compressive and flexural strength of all the cementitious composites demonstrated a considerable increase compared to the reference specimens. Improvement of 269.5% and of 169% was observed at the compressive and flexural strength, respectively, at the GNPs–cement composites incorporating the largest lateral size GNPs at a concentration of 0.2% by weight of cement. Moreover, the rCFs–cement composites increased their compressive and flexural strength by 186% and 210%, respectively, compared to the reference specimens. The electrical resistivity of GNPs- and rCFs-composite specimens reduced up to 59% and 48%, respectively, compared to the reference specimens, which proves that the incorporation of GNPs and rCFs can create a conductive network within the cementitious matrix.

A Critical Review on the Application of Recycled Carbon Fiber to Concrete and Cement Composites

“…0.103 a : electrical resistivity across the lengthwise section, 0.34 b : electrical resistivity across the cross section, 14.9 c : mean length, and 7.2 d : standard deviation length. Previous studies have suggested that the addition of RCF significantly improves the compressive strength of cement composites (Table 2) [33,34,36,37,45,46,[49][50][51][52]. Patrinou et al [45] have shown that adding milled RCF at 1% and 2.5% by cement weight improved the compressive strengths of the cement pastes by 143.7% and 185.9%, respectively.…”

“…Previous studies have suggested that the addition of RCF significantly improves the compressive strength of cement composites (Table 2) [33,34,36,37,45,46,[49][50][51][52]. Patrinou et al [45] have shown that adding milled RCF at 1% and 2.5% by cement weight improved the compressive strengths of the cement pastes by 143.7% and 185.9%, respectively. Similarly, Patchen et al [46] concluded that RCF increased the compressive strength of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) by 42.5% compared to a plain UHPC composite.…”

“…Studies have shown that the type of RCF [36], the physical properties of RCF (aspect ratio, length, and size) [53], dispersion method [34], and the dosage of RCF [45] significantly affect the compressive strength.…”

“…Patrinou et al [45] concluded that the compressive strength of cement composites increased with an increase in RCF dosage. Li et al [54] demonstrated that concrete composite with 10% of RCF dosage exhibited better compressive strength compared to concrete composites with 5% and 15% of RCF dosages.…”

“…Concrete has poor flexural and tensile strengths, and fibers such as steel, carbon, glass, and basalt have been utilized to improve the flexural and tensile properties of concrete. Incorporating the environmentally friendly alternative RCF in cement composite achieves significant improvements in flexural strength [33,36,45,46,51,56,57] and tensile strength [43,46,50].…”