Cemented injectable multi-phased porous bone grafts for the treatment of femoral head necrosis

Abstract

Cemented injectable multi-phased porous bone grafts for the treatment of femoral head necrosis.

Granular honeycomb scaffolds composed of carbonate apatite for simultaneous intra- and inter-granular osteogenesis and angiogenesis

“…This study established a fabrication method based on extrusion molding for mass production of HCGs with precisely controlled size, shape, and macroporous structure. When macroporous granules are fabricated by conventional methods such as gas forming [ 35 , 36 ] and sacrificial template methods [ [37] , [38] , [39] ], most of the macropores are present as closed pores and their interconnectivity is poor. Even in interconnected macropores, the connecting parts between macropores become smaller than that of the macropores in principle and their sizes are difficult to control.…”

“…In the calcium phosphate granules fabricated by the conventional methods, soft tissues and immature bone were formed within the intragranular macropores at week 4 post-implantation (PI) [ 37 , 38 ] and no tissues were formed in some macropores even at day 90 [ 35 ]. In contrast, in the present study, new bone had already formed and matured in all intragranular macropores of the HCGs.…”

“…Granular, rather than blockish, scaffolds (<2 ​mm) are used in clinical dentistry because their defect sizes in bone are usually small [ [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] ]. Macroporous granules are more favorable than dense granules (DGs) for the rapid ingrowth of bone [ [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] ]. Conventionally, macroporous granules are fabricated using gas forming [ 35 , 36 ] and sacrificial template methods [ [37] , [38] , [39] ].…”

“…Macroporous granules are more favorable than dense granules (DGs) for the rapid ingrowth of bone [ [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] ]. Conventionally, macroporous granules are fabricated using gas forming [ 35 , 36 ] and sacrificial template methods [ [37] , [38] , [39] ]. However, these methods cannot accurately control the macroporous structure.…”

Sudoku of porous, injectable calcium phosphate cements – Path to osteoinductivity

“…The macroporosity is said to be responsible for promoting both biological growth factors in the implant as well as penetration of cells, while providing for osteogenesis process to take place on the inside surface of the pores [ 54 , 55 ]. It is reported that to be osteoconductive and facilitate bony ingrowth and implant fixation an ideal scaffold should incorporate macropores of 150–500 μm in diameter (the critical low pore size for new bone formation is around 100 μm) [ 3 , 56 , 57 ] and exhibit 60–80% interconnected porosity [ 26 , 32 ]. Pore interconnections in the range of 60–100 μ m with the optimal interconnection size of 130 μ m are particularly favorable for bone growth [ 58 ].…”