Cementogenic potential of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells purified from the human periodontal ligament

Abstract

The periodontal ligament (PDL) consists of a group of specialized connective tissue fibers embedded in the alveolar bone and cementum that are believed to contain progenitors for mineralized tissue-forming cell lineages. These progenitors may contribute to regenerative cell therapy or tissue engineering methods aimed at recovery of tissue formation and functions lost in periodontal degenerative changes. Some reports using immortal clonal cell lines of cementoblasts, which are cells containing mineralized tissue-forming cell lineages, have shown that their phenotypic alteration and gene expression are associated with mineralization. Immortal, multipotential PDL-derived cell lines may be useful biological tools for evaluating differentiation-inducing agents. In this study, we confirmed the gene expression and mineralization potential of primary and immortal human PDL cells and characterized their immunophenotype. Following incubation with mineralization induction medium containing β-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, and dexamethasone, normal human PDL (Pel) cells and an immortal derivative line (Pelt) cells showed higher levels of mineralization compared with cells grown in normal growth medium. Both cell types were positive for putative surface antigens of mesenchymal cells (CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105). They were also positive for stage-specific embryonic antigen-3, a marker of multipotential stem cells. Furthermore, PDL cells expressed cementum attachment protein and cementum protein 1 when cultured with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 or -7. The results suggest that normal and immortal human PDL cells contain multipotential mesenchymal stem cells with cementogenic potential.

Effect of micro-nano-hybrid structured hydroxyapatite bioceramics on osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cell via Wnt signaling pathway

“…More importantly, in addition to the ability to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells and adipocytes, PDLSCs can also specifically differentiate into periodontal cells, such as cementoblast-like cells and collagen forming cells in vitro, and they possess the capacity to generate a cementum/PDL-like structure when they were transplanted into nude mouse and preclinical periodontal defect models. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Conventional hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , HA) bioceramics had been used in periodontal bone tissue repair for their chemical similarity to bone mineral and their excellent biological activity and osteoconductivity. 13 However, it is reported that HA bioceramics lack osteoinductive ability, and consequently possess limited ability to form an interface with new bone tissue and hence hamper the new bone formation.…”

Craniomaxillofacial Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Brief Review

“…In terms of application, DPSC have seen increasing use in the field of endodontics as regenerative treatment of pulpal necrosis of the permanent dentition, with studies indicating dentin-like tissue formation both in vitro and in mandibular defects [10] . Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) also demonstrates multipotency, with the most notable being osteogenesis and cementogenesis [29,30] . Interestingly, both its induction of nerve regeneration and angiogenesis contributes to its unique versatility in generating mature woven bone seen in healthy human tissue.…”

“…Perhaps the most defining characteristic of PDLSC is their multipotency, with the most well-studied being their ability to undergo osteogenesis and cementogenesis [29,30] . Further, PDLSC have been shown to be a viable, alternative source to autologous Schwann cells, in one instance promoting the regeneration of the mental nerve [31] .…”

“…Under certain conditions, such as culture with BMP-2 or -7, PDLSC also express MSC markers such as CD44 and CD73 [30] . PDLSC also express cementum protein 1, which is associated with a cementoblastic phenotype and reduced osteoblastic differentiation [30] .…”

“…Under certain conditions, such as culture with BMP-2 or -7, PDLSC also express MSC markers such as CD44 and CD73 [30] . PDLSC also express cementum protein 1, which is associated with a cementoblastic phenotype and reduced osteoblastic differentiation [30] . While PDLSC show mineralization under osteoinductive culture conditions, they also show multilineage differentiation potential and undergo adipogenesis or chondrogenesis under appropriate culture conditions [33] .…”