Central and peripheral control of food intake

Abstract

Th e maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive. Th e body weight depends on the balance between the energy intake and energy expenditure. Increased food intake over the energy expenditure of prolonged time period results in an obesity. Th e obesity has become an important worldwide health problem, even at low levels. Th e obesity has an evil eff ect on the health and is associated with a shorter life expectancy. A complex of central and peripheral physiological signals is involved in the control of the food intake. Centrally, the food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus, the brainstem, and endocannabinoids and peripherally by the satiety and adiposity signals. Comprehension of the signals that control food intake and energy balance may open a new therapeutic approaches directed against the obesity and its associated complications, as is the insulin resistance and others. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the current knowledge about the complex system of the peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of food intake and their potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of obesity. Th e maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive (Jequier and Tappy 1999). As a compensatory mechanism, hunger increases and energy expenditure decreases the weight loss. However, opposite responses are triggered when body weight increases. Body weight can change only when energy intake is not equal to energy expenditure over a given period of time (Bray et al. 2012). A complex physiological control system is involved in the maintenance of the energy balance. Th is system includes aff erent signals from the periphery about the state of the energy stores and eff erent signals that affect the energy intake and expenditure (Sandoval et al. 2008). Th is regulatory system is formed by multiple interactions between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), adipose tissue, and the central nervous system (CNS). It is infl uenced by behavioral, sensorial, autonomic, nutritional, and endocrine mechanisms (Boguszewski et al. 2010). Satiety and adiposity signalsTh e food intake control includes a short-term regulation, which determines the beginning and the end of a meal (hunger and satiation) and the interval between the meals (satiety) and a long-term regulation with factors (signals of adiposity), which help to regulate the body energy depots (Cummings and Overduin 2007).Th e satiation means a suppression of the hunger and termination of the food intake aft er ingestion of Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 9:54 AM

Constitutionally High Serotonin Tone Favors Obesity: Study on Rat Sublines With Altered Serotonin Homeostasis

“…Differences between 5HT sublines, when existed, were small in amount and not quite significant, but by summing up the overall effect, it seems that in high-5HT animals orexigenic signaling peptides are, or tended to be, upregulated in comparison to low-5HT animals (H/L: Npy = 1.05; Npyr = 1.14, Agrp = 1.29; Hcrt = 1.06; Hcrtr = 1.17; Mch = 1.09; Figure 3A), whereas anorexigenic peptides show tendency in the opposite direction [H/L: Pomc = 0.94: Bdnf = 0.97 (Figure 3) and also ApoA4 = 0.54; Crh = 0.90 ( Table 1)]. Cart (H/L = 1.10) was suggested to be either orexigenic or anorexigenic, based on the neural circuits that are stimulated (Abdalla, 2017). It is possible that small changes in neuropeptide mRNA expression levels will be more pronounced if specific hypothalamic nuclei were analyzed.…”

Hypothalamic DNA methylation in rats with dihydrotestosterone‐induced polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of low‐frequency electro‐acupuncture

“…The hypothalamus plays a vital role in the regulation of reproduction and the endocrine system (Maffucci & Gore, 2009;Navarro & Tena-Sempere, 2011), and it plays a central role in maintaining metabolic and energy homeostasis (Abdalla, 2017). In addition, the hypothalamus is also a major brain region that is involved in the regulation of emotion and behaviours (Alvarez-Bolado & Celio, 2016;McHenry, Rubinow, & Stuber, 2015).…”

Вплив Кортико-Вегетативних Механізмів Регуляції На Вміст Лактату, Пірувату Та Їх Співвідношення У Крові Свиноматок

“…АНС бере участь у регуляції обміну вуглеводів в органах і тканинах організму тварин [8,9]. Вона впливає на секрецію інсуліну та глюкагону [10].…”