Central mechanisms of motor skill learning

Hikosaka, Okihide; Nakamura, Kae; Sakai, Katsuyuki; Nakahara, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00307-0

Cited by 870 publications

(809 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…knowledge of response locations in allocentric coordinates). This has alternatively been called effectorindependent skill (Hikosaka et al 2002). Maintaining the order of finger movements (e.g., -middle-little-ring-) but altering the goal (movement configuration) measures the skill derived from the finger movements (i.e., knowledge of the specific finger movements in egocentric coordinates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maintaining the order of finger movements (e.g., -middle-little-ring-) but altering the goal (movement configuration) measures the skill derived from the finger movements (i.e., knowledge of the specific finger movements in egocentric coordinates. This has alternatively been called effector-dependent skill (Hikosaka et al 2002;Verwey and Wright 2004;Verwey and Clegg 2005). Such a term is a slight misnomer; after all, the skill is assessed by switching hands and so would appear to be independent of the effector or hand used during training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Goal and movement based skill were not directly compared because these components may be acquired at different rates (Bapi et al 2000;Hikosaka et al 2002).…”

Section: Sequence-specific Skillmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each of these components is encoded within distinct neural circuits (Hikosaka et al 1999;Hikosaka et al 2002). A particularly vivid example of this is provided by the distinction between information represented within allocentric co-ordinates -in which the location of objects are coded in relation on one another -or egocentric co-ordinates -in which object location is centred around the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motor sequence consolidation: constrained by critical time windows or competing components

Cohen

Robertson

2006

Exp Brain Res

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Skill improvements may develop between practice sessions during memory consolidation. Skill enhancement within an egocentric coordinate frame develops over wake, whereas skill enhancement in an allocentric coordinate frame develops over a night of sleep. We tested whether both types of improvement could develop over two different 24-hr intervals: 8am to 8am or from 8pm to 8pm. We found that for each 24 hour interval, only one type of skill improvement was seen. Despite passing through wake and a night of sleep participants only showed skill improvements commensurate with either a night of sleep or a day awake. The nature of the off-line skill enhancement was determined by when consolidation occurred within the normal sleep-wake cycle. We conclude that motor sequence consolidation is constrained either by having critical time windows or by a competitive interaction in which improvements within one coordinate frame actively block improvements from developing in the alternative coordinate frame.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Goal and movement based skill were not directly compared because these components may be acquired at different rates (Bapi et al 2000;Hikosaka et al 2002).…”

Section: Sequence-specific Skillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motor sequence consolidation: constrained by critical time windows or competing components

Cohen

Robertson

2006

Exp Brain Res

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“…Alternatively, motor learning may consist of several processes that follow each other, e.g. reflecting initial acquisition and short-term consolidation in between sessions [2] followed by long-term consolidation of the sequence of movement elements [19,20]. Long-term consolidation may account for the preservation of skills for years without use of the skill.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biphasic plasticity of dendritic fields in layer V motor neurons in response to motor learning

Gloor

Luft

Hosp

2015

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Motor learning is associated with plastic reorganization of neural networks in primary motor cortex (M1) that advances through stages. An initial increment in spine formation is followed by pruning and maturation one week after training ended. A similar biphasic course was described for the size of the forelimb representation in M1. This study investigates the evolution of the dendritic architecture in response to motor skill training using Golgy-Cox silver impregnation in rat M1. After learning of a unilateral forelimb-reaching task to plateau performance, an increase in dendritic length of layer V pyramidal neurons (i.e. motor neurons) was observed that peaked one month after training ended. This increment in dendritic length reflected an expansion of the distal dendritic compartment. After one month dendritic arborization shrinks even though animals retain task performance. This pattern of evolution was observed for apical and basal dendrites alike -although the increase in dendritic length occurs faster in basal than in apical dendrites. Dendritic plasticity in response to motor training follows a biphasic course with initial expansion and subsequent shrinkage. This evolution takes fourth as long as the biphasic reorganization of spines or motor representations. AbstractMotor learning is associated with plastic reorganization of neural networks in primary motor cortex (M1) that advances through stages. Dendritic spines grow initially followed by pruning and maturation approximately one week after training ended. A similar biphasic course was described for the size of the forelimb representation in M1. This study investigates the evolution of the dendritic architecture in response to motor skill training using Golgy-Cox silver impregnation in rat M1. After learning of a unilateral forelimb-reaching task to plateau performance, an increase in dendritic length of layer V pyramidal neurons (i.e. motor neurons) was observed that peaked one month after training ended. This increment in dendritic length reflected an expansion of the distal dendritic compartment. After one month dendritic arborization shrinks even though animals retain task performance. This pattern of evolution was observed for apical and basal dendrites alike -although the increase in dendritic length occurs faster in basal than in apical dendrites. Dendritic plasticity in response to motor training follows a biphasic course with initial expansion and subsequent shrinkage. This evolution takes fourth as long as the biphasic reorganization of spines or motor representations.3

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Association of Muscle Strength With the Risk of Alzheimer Disease and the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Persons

Boyle

Buchman²,

Wilson³

et al. 2009

Arch Neurol

331

271

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Central mechanisms of motor skill learning

Cited by 870 publications

References 64 publications

Motor sequence consolidation: constrained by critical time windows or competing components

Motor sequence consolidation: constrained by critical time windows or competing components

Biphasic plasticity of dendritic fields in layer V motor neurons in response to motor learning

Association of Muscle Strength With the Risk of Alzheimer Disease and the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Persons

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