Ceramic‐reinforced polymers and polymer‐modified ceramics

Abstract

The composites discussed in this review are prepared using techniques similar to those used in the new sol‐gel approach to ceramics. Organometallis such as silicates, titanates, and aluminates are hydrolyzed in the presence of polymer chains (for example polysiloxanes and polyimides) that typically contain hydroxyl or amino groups. The functional groups are used to bond the polymer chains onto the silica, titania, or alumina being formed in the hydrolysis, thus forming organic‐inorganic composites. When the polymer chains are present in excess, they constitute the continuous phase, with the ceramic‐type material appearing as reinforcing particles. When present in smaller amounts, the polymer is dispersed in the continuous ceramic phase, to give a polymer‐modified ceramic. Under some conditions, bicontinuous systems are obtained. The composites thus prepared are characterized by electron microscopy, X ray, and neutron scattering intensities, density determinations, and stress‐strain and impact‐strength measurements.

Thermal and mechanical properties of chemically bonded aramid–silica nano-composites

“…Silica is considered as the most common inorganic component though many other metal oxides such as titania, boehmite, and zirconia have also been used to reinforce the organic polymers. Some of the important polymers used in preparation of hybrid materials in the recent past have been poly(dimethylsiloxane) [8][9][10][11], epoxies [12][13][14], poly(organophosphazenes) [15,16], polyacrylates [17][18][19], polyimides [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and polyaramids [28][29][30][31][32] and polybenzoxazoles [33][34][35][36].…”

Polyethylene-octene elastomer/silica hybrids prepared by a sol-gel process using tetraethoxysiliane

“…During the last ten years, studies on organic-inorganic composite materials via a sol-gel process were largely conducted in inorganic modi cation of organic polymers, that is, the organic polymer is the dominant phase [11,12]. Elastomers, glassy polymers, semicrystalline polymers, high-temperature and other polymeric media such as membranes of per uorosulfonic acid (Na on ® ) have been used as the polymeric phases for development of ceramic-reinforced polymers by way of a sol-gel process [13]. In the past, the organometallic compounds (M(OC n H 2nC1 ) z , where M D Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Al, etc.)…”

“…In the past, the organometallic compounds (M(OC n H 2nC1 ) z , where M D Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Al, etc.) were generally used as the ceramic precursor, and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was the most common one [7,13].…”

“…Formation of a hydrogen bond or covalent bond between the two phases was normally utilized to establish these interfacial forces [13][14][15]. Two approaches were normally utilized to establish the interfacial force between the organic and inorganic phases.…”

Synthesis and properties of organic‐silica nanocomposites with perhydropolysilazane

“…The major advantages of the sol-gel method are not only its convenience, but also lower reaction temperature than decomposition temperature of organic polymer and high applicability to many kind of organic polymers. 2,3,9,[15][16][17][18] For example, poly(meth)acrylates, polystyrene blended with silica were prepared by the sol-gel method. However, silica prepared by the sol-gel method contains a lot of lattice defects, which reduce transparency, mechanical strength, etc.…”