Cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse.

Fredericks, Ruth K.; Lefkowitz, David; Challa, Venkata R.; Troost, B. Todd

doi:10.1161/01.str.22.11.1437

Cited by 111 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Neuroimaging and neurocognitive deficits in these disorders are similar to those seen in schizophrenia [121]. Psychoses associated with substance abuse are also associated with CNS vasculitis [122]. Furthermore, infectious agents such as syphilis [123] and rheumatic fever (RF – see below), lead to micro-vascular disorders of the CNS that are associated with psychiatric symptoms including psychoses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cerebral palsy is also conceptualized as an infectious-inflammatory-vascular disorder where the vascular lesion is complete thrombosis [136]. Neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine and cocaine appear to be due to induction of inflammatory genes in small vessel endothelial cells [122,137], thus explaining the vascular damage seen in amphetamine and cocaine abuse that was previously attributed to contaminants of injected drugs [122,138-140]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis

2005

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Background: Schizophrenia, a relatively common psychiatric syndrome, affects virtually all brain functions yet has eluded explanation for more than 100 years. Whether by developmental and/or degenerative processes, abnormalities of neurons and their synaptic connections have been the recent focus of attention. However, our inability to fathom the pathophysiology of schizophrenia forces us to challenge our theoretical models and beliefs. A search for a more satisfying model to explain aspects of schizophrenia uncovers clues pointing to genetically mediated CNS microvascular inflammatory disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis

2005

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“…Authors cite cocaine-induced vasculitis as a cause of stroke [25] even if the frequency of cerebral vasculitis in cocaine users is very low [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Side Effects of Cocaine Abuse: Multiorgan Toxicity and Pathological Consequences

Riezzo

Fiore²,

Carlo³

et al. 2012

CMC

178

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Cocaine is a powerful stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting catecholamine reuptake, stimulating central sympathetic outflow, and increasing the sensitivity of adrenergic nerve endings to norepinephrine (NE). It is known, from numerous studies, that cocaine causes irreversible structural changes on the brain, heart, lung and other organs such as liver and kidney and there are many mechanisms involved in the genesis of these damages. Some effects are determined by the overstimulation of the adrenergic system. Most of the direct toxic effects are mediated by oxidative stress and by mitochondrial dysfunction produced during the metabolism of noradrenaline or during the metabolism of norcocaina, as in cocaine-induced hepathotoxicity. Cocaine is responsible for the coronary arteries vasoconstriction, atherosclerotic phenomena and thrombus formation. In this way, cocaine favors the myocardial infarction. While the arrhythmogenic effect of cocaine is mediated by the action on potassium channel (blocking), calcium channels (enhances the function) and inhibiting the flow of sodium during depolarization. Moreover chronic cocaine use is associated with myocarditis, ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. A variety of respiratory problems temporally associated with crack inhalation have been reported. Cocaine may cause changes in the respiratory tract as a result of its pharmacologic effects exerted either locally or systemically, its method of administration (smoking, sniffing, injecting), or its alteration of central nervous system neuroregulation of pulmonary function. Renal failure resulting from cocaine abuse has been also well documented. A lot of studies demonstrated a high incidence of congenital cardiovascular and brain malformations in offspring born to mothers with a history of cocaine abuse.

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“…Whereas a recent study showed no association between cocaine abuse and ischemic stroke in young patients [1], others have described cocaine- or amphetamine-related strokes [2, 3, 4, 5]. Several pathomechanisms have been discussed in the literature: cocaine-associated cerebral vasculitis [6], cocaine-associated cardiomyopathy leading to embolic stroke [2, 7, 8]or vasospasm [3]. We report on a young patient who used both drugs and subsequently suffered an ischemic lesion, which was most likely caused by vasospasm due to the combined abuse of both drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%