Cerebrospinal fluid in forensic toxicology: Current status and future perspectives

Wachholz, Paulina; Skowronek, Rafał; Pawlas, Natalia

doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102231

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As for the usefulness of classifications of psychopathy for forensic psychiatric practice, Łuniewski (1929) pointed out the uselessness of Kahn's and Schnieder's systems, as they do not reflect the dynamics of psychopaths' functioning concerning social and legal norms. Łuniewski (1929) and other psychiatrists dealing with forensic psychiatric opinions, such as Radziwiłłowicz (1922), Bednarz (1933), Nelken (1927), andWachholz (1923) also widely discussed the problem of the accountability of psychopathic individuals. According to Jan Nelken (1989, p. 252), 6 the evolution of views on this issue resulted "[…] from the gradually increasing knowledge about psychopathy and from the change in the legal status regarding the possibility of adjudicating diminished accountability."…”

Section: Psychopathy As a Social Issue: Investigative Practices Regar...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Prototypic personality disorder” and the social issue: The category of psychopathy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period.

Kornaj

2024

History of Psychology

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The category of psychopathy has a long history, and its meaning has undergone a notable evolution since its conception in the 19th century. The history of psychopathy has been concentrating mainly on English-and German-speaking psychopathology. This article investigates definitions of psychopathy, its classification, and social issues associated with this category in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period. Polish definitions of psychopathy were influenced predominantly by Ernst Kretschmer's constitutional theory as well as by Eugen Kahn's, William Stern's, and Kurt Schneider's ideas. The term was generally understood as a borderline category denoting states between health and mental illness. As those states could manifest differently, it was thought to be many psychopathies. Two Polish psychiatrists, Maurycy Bornsztajn and Jakub Frostig, presented comprehensive classifications of psychopathies. Social issues associated with the category of psychopathy concentrated on three topics: psychopathy in children as a problem of the prevention of mental disorders; psychopathy as a problem of the justice system, the penitentiary, and military systems; and psychopathy as an issue of eugenics and social usefulness. Polish psychiatrists highlighted the need for the development of national institutions for the care of psychopathic children. Issues of accountability and insanity of psychopaths from the point of view of forensic psychiatry were also discussed. In conclusion, psychopathy in interwar Polish psychiatry was not just one of the personality disorders-it denoted the whole spectrum of characterological disturbances; thus, it rather corresponds to the modern category of personality disorders than to the contemporary understanding of psychopathy.

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Section: Psychopathy As a Social Issue: Investigative Practices Regar...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Prototypic personality disorder” and the social issue: The category of psychopathy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period.

Kornaj

2024

History of Psychology

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“…Blood (femoral), urine and cerebrospinal fluid were collected during the examination of the body. It should be clarified here that recent studies indicate that cerebrospinal fluid shows potential in the toxicological analysis in the cases of new psychoactive compounds poisoning [19]. The collected biological fluids were sent to the Institute of Forensic Research for further, more specific toxicological analyses.…”

Section: Case Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal intoxication with new synthetic cannabinoids 5F-MDMB-PICA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA—parent compounds and metabolite identification in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid

Tokarczyk

Jurczyk

Krupińska

et al. 2022

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) remain one of the largest groups of new psychoactive substances. Recently, new synthetic cannabinoids 5F-MDMB-PICA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA are increasing in popularity. A 33-year-old man lost consciousness after smoking an unknown substance. A glass pipe and two lumps of substance that turned out to contain 5F-MDMB-PICA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA were found at the scene. Blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid were collected during the examination of the body. The synthetic cannabinoids were isolated from autopsy materials by precipitation with acetonitrile and extraction with ethyl acetate. The screening and quantitative analyses were performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF) technique was used for metabolite identification. 5F-MDMB-PICA was detected and quantified in all analysed materials, whereas 4F-MDMB-BINACA was found only in cerebrospinal fluid. The determined concentrations of 5F-MDMB-PICA were 0.9 (blood), 0.1 (urine) and 3.2 ng/mL (cerebrospinal fluid). The concentration of 4F-MDMB-BINACA in cerebrospinal fluid was 0.1 ng/mL. The main metabolites of both compounds (hydrolysis and oxidative defluorination) were found in all analysed body fluids. Cerebrospinal fluid may be important alternative material in autopsy cases. Rapid elimination of 5F-MDMB-PICA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA compounds also means that the metabolite analysis can be crucial for the investigation. Laboratories must be made aware of their presence and incorporate these SCs and their metabolites into workflows for detection and confirmation. Ester hydrolysis and oxidative defluorination products can be found in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid making them useful biomarkers of intake.

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“…What is more, when one sometimes tries to collect CSF, it appears to be contaminated with blood. The reason for this contamination may be subarachnoid bleeding or intracerebral hemorrhage [ 6 ]. Certain sites in the body (vitreous, CSF) are more sequestered (or have less glucose) than the vasculature, and accordingly, it is more difficult (or takes longer) for bacteria to get into these areas and then produce ethanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also worth mentioning that there is a large amount of ongoing research into the potential use of alternative biological specimens in toxicological analysis, including although not limited to the use of costal cartilage in the post-mortem diagnosis of ethyl alcohol intoxication [5]. The advantages, disadvantages, and possibility of using CSF as an alternative biological specimen have been recently reviewed [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the applicability of cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal cord for the determination of ethyl alcohol in post-mortem toxicology

Wachholz

Skowronek

Pawlas

2022

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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This paper presents the results of a study on the applicability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the spinal canal in the post-mortem determination of ethyl alcohol. The present study reviewed data of autopsy cases (n = 45), in which ethyl alcohol was detected in CSF using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID), to investigate ethyl alcohol concentrations in CSF, compared with blood. As a result of statistical analysis of the obtained data, a high positive correlation was found between blood ethanol concentration and cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal canal ethanol concentration. The Pearson correlation coefficient was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) (r = 0.9503). The data obtained allowed us to conclude that cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal canal can be collected during an autopsy as an alternative biological specimen to assess the ethanol content. Cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal canal can corroborate and lend credibility to the results obtained for blood and, in special cases, when blood is drawn from putrefied bodies and may even be a superior specimen to blood for assessing ethyl alcohol intoxication status.

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Cerebrospinal fluid in forensic toxicology: Current status and future perspectives

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

“Prototypic personality disorder” and the social issue: The category of psychopathy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period.

“Prototypic personality disorder” and the social issue: The category of psychopathy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period.

Fatal intoxication with new synthetic cannabinoids 5F-MDMB-PICA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA—parent compounds and metabolite identification in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid

Assessing the applicability of cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal cord for the determination of ethyl alcohol in post-mortem toxicology

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