Cerebrospinal fluid ß
            <sub>2</sub>
            microglobulin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Brew, Bruce J.; Bhalla, Ravi; Fleisher, Mark R.; Paul, M.; Khan, Abdul Rehman; Schwartz, Morton K.; Price, Richard W.

doi:10.1212/wnl.39.6.830

Cited by 83 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Elevated 032-microglobulin, a low-molecular-weight protein that is bound to the major histocompatibility protein and expressed on the cell surface of almost all nucleated cells, has been detected in the CSF and is more common in the presence of neurological disease (30,31,96,240). CSF 32-microglobulin levels do not appear to be proportional to the degree of CSF pleocytosis or to an alteration in the blood-brain barrier (30).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CSF 32-microglobulin levels do not appear to be proportional to the degree of CSF pleocytosis or to an alteration in the blood-brain barrier (30). Brew Quinolinic acid, a potent neuroexcitant in the CNS (351) which has also been suggested as a pathogenic mechanism in AIDS dementia complex (158,159,204), is induced in macrophages infected with HIV-1, human herpesvirus 6, and alpha interferon (32).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain

et al. 1993

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Direct infection of the central nervous system by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, was not appreciated in the early years of the AIDS epidemic. Neurological complications associated with AIDS were largely attributed to opportunistic infections that arose as a result of the immunocompromised state of the patient and to depression. In 1985, several groups succeeded in isolating HIV-1 directly from brain tissue. Also that year, the viral genome was completely sequenced, and HIV-1 was found to belong to a neurotropic subfamily of retrovirus known as the Lentivirinae. These findings clearly indicated that direct HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system played a role in the development of AIDS-related neurological disease. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system and the related neuropathology, the tropism of HIV-1 for specific cell types both within and outside of the nervous system, the possible mechanisms by which HIV-1 damages the nervous system, and the current strategies for diagnosis and treatment of HIV-1-associated neuropathology.

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Section: Neuropsychological Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neuropsychological Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain

et al. 1993

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“…Recently, Brew et al [31] reported the consistent ele vation of CSF P2m levels in the acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome-dementia complex (ADC) and they stressed the strong correlation between fom levels and the severity of ADC. They assumed that the CSF fom in ADC patients was derived from the brain parenchyma, with the cellular origin being either lymphocytes or mac rophages in inflammatory infiltrates.…”

Section: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-dementia Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beta-2-Microglobulin Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: Their Value as a Disease Marker

Adachi¹

1991

Eur Neurol

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The usefulness of measuring β_2-microglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neurological diseases is discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed in this article. An elevation of this protein in the CSF is particularly indicative of disease activity in multiple sclerosis, neuro-Behçet’s disease, sarcoidosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-dementia complex and meningeal metastasis of malignant tumors, especially the meningeal dissemination of acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma.

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“…Increasing ␤ 2 -microglobulin levels are considered to refl ect an activation of the cellular immune system and enhancement in cell membrane turnover [29,30] . Several disorders of the CNS are associated with increased cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) ␤ 2 -microglobulin levels, such as in Alzheimer type dementia [31] , brain infarct and meningitis [32] and HIV infection [33] . A positive correlation between increase of kynurenine metabolites and ␤ 2 -microglobulin levels in CSF and serum has been reported in HIV type 1 infection [13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Increase of Kynurenic Acid in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid – IgG and β<sub>2</sub>-Microglobulin Changes

et al. 2005

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Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous metabolite in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation and is an antagonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate as well as at the alpha 7 nicotinic cholinergic receptors. In the brain tissue KYNA is synthesised from L-kynurenine by kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT) I and II. A host of immune mediators influence tryptophan degradation. In the present study, the levels of KYNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in a group of human subjects aged between 25 and 74 years were determined by using a high performance liquid chromatography method. In CSF and serum KAT I and II activities were investigated by radioenzymatic assay, and the levels of β₂-microglobulin, a marker for cellular immune activation, were determined by ELISA. The correlations between neurochemical and biological parameters were evaluated. Two subject groups with significantly different ages, i.e. <50 years and >50 years, p < 0.001, showed statistically significantly different CSF KYNA levels, i.e. 2.84 ± 0.16 fmol/µl vs. 4.09 ± 0.14 fmol/µl, p < 0.001, respectively; but this difference was not seen in serum samples. Interestingly, KYNA is synthesised in CSF principally by KAT I and not KAT II, however no relationship was found between enzyme activity and ageing. A positive relationship between CSF KYNA levels and age of subjects indicates a 95% probability of elevated CSF KYNA with ageing (R = 0.6639, p = 0.0001). KYNA levels significantly correlated with IgG and β₂-microglobulin levels (R = 0.5244, p = 0.0049; R = 0.4253, p = 0.043, respectively). No correlation was found between other biological parameters in CSF or serum. In summary, a positive relationship between the CSF KYNA level and ageing was found, and the data would suggest age-dependent increase of kynurenine metabolism in the CNS. An enhancement of CSF IgG and β₂-microglobulin levels would suggest an activation of the immune system during ageing. Increased KYNA metabolism may be involved in the hypofunction of the glutamatergic and/or nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission in the ageing CNS.

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Cerebrospinal fluid ß ₂ microglobulin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Cited by 83 publications

References 0 publications

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain

Beta-2-Microglobulin Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: Their Value as a Disease Marker

Age-Related Increase of Kynurenic Acid in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid – IgG and β<sub>2</sub>-Microglobulin Changes

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Cerebrospinal fluid ß 2 microglobulin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Cited by 83 publications

References 0 publications

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain

Beta-2-Microglobulin Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: Their Value as a Disease Marker

Age-Related Increase of Kynurenic Acid in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid – IgG and β<sub>2</sub>-Microglobulin Changes

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Cerebrospinal fluid ß ₂ microglobulin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus