Cerium-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate bone substitute promotes osteogenesis

Abstract

Bone substitute offers a promising strategy for the reconstruction of large bone defects. It may be feasible to develop a better substitute material by enhancing the osteoinductivity and delaying the degradation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate. In this study, nano cerium oxide was incorporated with α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate at weight ratios of 5 and 10% to form nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Extracts from α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate, 5 and 10% nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate were prepared for in vitro treatment of cells. After critical bone defects were made on the left tibia of male Sprague–Dawley rats, the animals were randomly divided into four groups subjected to the filling with nothing (blank), α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (control), 5 and 10% nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Extraction from 5% nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate composite stimulated cells proliferation and increased cell migration and mRNA expression of osteoblastic marker genes in primary bone marrow stromal cells. X-ray and micro-computed tomography analyses showed increased bone formation and reduced degradation, and histological analysis showed mineralized staining on the boundary area between composites and bone marrow in the nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate group. Immunostaining of osteocalcin confirmed the increased bone formation in the nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate group. Nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate composite with 5% w/w nano cerium oxide showed a better capacity of enhancing osteogenesis and bone regeneration model than 10% cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate composite. The findings suggested that the nano cerium oxide-containing α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate might be a potential material for bone substitutes since it may promote local bone regeneration.

Bone Healing and Regeneration Potential in Rabbit Cortical Defects Using an Innovative Bioceramic Bone Graft Substitute

“…The osteoconduction of bone substitute requires the material to possess a resorption rate identical to that of new bone formation [47]. In fact, some authors have criticized the speed of resorption of calcium sulfate which happens before the new bone ingrowth is formed [2,7,11,17,21]. However, this characteristic depends not only on the chemical composition of materials, but also on the processing methods used to prepare, sterilize, and store the material [19].…”

“…Bone defect is defined by the lack of bone tissue in the specific part of the body that may emerge as a result of injury, infection, inflammation, congenital, or traumatic processes [1][2][3]. In some cases, it can also occur as a consequence of ongoing diseases or surgical procedures [4,5].…”

“…In recent years, a number of alloplastic materials for new bone substitutes such as ceramic and ceramic composites, hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate cement, calcium sulfate, and bone morphogenetic protein have been extensively studied [9,11,19,20]. Although there is no material to completely replace autologous bone, an outstanding bone substitute, α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH), can be used instead of autologous bone grafts thanks to its excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, easy availability, and biodegradability [2,4,9]. The α-CSH is regarded as a prime type of bone substitute that plays a crucial role in bone formation by facilitating the ingrowth of bone [13,21,22].…”

“…For this reason, the biomedical field is showing a vast interest in the development of α-CSH as a potential booster for bone regeneration [19,27]. While this bone substitute has shown superior biological properties, there remains a need to improve the performance of the current α-CSH for clinical practice [2,13,28].…”

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (Nanoceria): Hopes in Soft Tissue Engineering

“…Incorporating CNPs into polymeric matrices is also a common method to make composites for diverse tissue engineering applications, such as accelerated excisional wound healing [ 22 ]. Moreover, three-dimensional (3D) engineered scaffolds containing CNPs were found to be suitable substitutes for replacing damaged skin tissue [ 23 , 24 ]. As the application of hard materials in soft tissue engineering brings new hope in the concept of modern therapies, we tried to clearly show the pros and cons of CNPs in reconstructive strategies applied for the skin, cardiac, neural, and ophthalmic tissues.…”