Certification, good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector

Schoneveld, G.C.; Haar, Selma van der; Ekowati, Dian; Andrianto, A.; Komarudin, H.; Okarda, B.; Jelsma, I.; Pacheco, Pablo

doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101933

Cited by 92 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The need for food security is becoming increasingly urgent, as it is anticipated that the worldwide population, which is currently at around 7 billion, will almost increase to 10 billion or more in the following 50 years [ 1 ]. The arable land for farming is turning to be a limited resource because of the urban turn of events and industrialization; henceforth, existing agricultural land should be used more efficiently, utilizing suitable agricultural practices [ 2 ]. The excessive use of synthetic fertilizer and other agrochemicals is increasing to achieve higher yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Endophytic Microbiome as a Hotspot of Synergistic Interactions, with Prospects of Plant Growth Promotion

Vandana

Rajkumari

Singha

et al. 2021

Biology

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The plant root is the primary site of interaction between plants and associated microorganisms and constitutes the main components of plant microbiomes that impact crop production. The endophytic bacteria in the root zone have an important role in plant growth promotion. Diverse microbial communities inhabit plant root tissues, and they directly or indirectly promote plant growth by inhibiting the growth of plant pathogens, producing various secondary metabolites. Mechanisms of plant growth promotion and response of root endophytic microorganisms for their survival and colonization in the host plants are the result of complex plant-microbe interactions. Endophytic microorganisms also assist the host to sustain different biotic and abiotic stresses. Better insights are emerging for the endophyte, such as host plant interactions due to advancements in ‘omic’ technologies, which facilitate the exploration of genes that are responsible for plant tissue colonization. Consequently, this is informative to envisage putative functions and metabolic processes crucial for endophytic adaptations. Detection of cell signaling molecules between host plants and identification of compounds synthesized by root endophytes are effective means for their utilization in the agriculture sector as biofertilizers. In addition, it is interesting that the endophytic microorganism colonization impacts the relative abundance of indigenous microbial communities and suppresses the deleterious microorganisms in plant tissues. Natural products released by endophytes act as biocontrol agents and inhibit pathogen growth. The symbiosis of endophytic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affects plant symbiotic signaling pathways and root colonization patterns and phytohormone synthesis. In this review, the potential of the root endophytic community, colonization, and role in the improvement of plant growth has been explained in the light of intricate plant-microbe interactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Endophytic Microbiome as a Hotspot of Synergistic Interactions, with Prospects of Plant Growth Promotion

Vandana

Rajkumari

Singha

et al. 2021

Biology

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“…They resolve the issue that the current illegality of the land use is a bottleneck for government support of any type in the area, including a lack of extension services that restrain the development of socially and environmentally desirable practices. Similar issues have been noted in Riau, where support for companies and especially oil palm farmers in the forestry domain has been minimal to non-existent as illegal activities cannot formally be supported [91,92].…”

Section: Agroforestry Concessionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…in oil palm statistics in 1979, covering a mere 3125 ha [90], by 2018 their area covered an estimated 5.8 million hectares, which is equivalent to 40.6% of Indonesia's palm oil area [79]. Whereas oil palm smallholders are often categorized in national statistics as a single entity it is increasingly clear that this vast sub-sector is highly heterogeneous and there is a need for targeted policy measures to improve the environmental and socio-economic performance of the different types of smallholders [91,92]. A key differentiation amongst oil palm smallholders is the scheme vs. independent smallholder dichotomy [93,94].…”

Section: Heterogeneity and Expansion Amongst Oil Palm Smallholdersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, oil palm plantations located in Riau peatlands that were part of the Forestry Domain suffered severe water table management issues, with larger farmers just digging canals without coordination, leading to drought and flooding, leaving the area prone to peat fires [91]. Such undesirable practices, which are relevant in other landscapes as well [92], may be countered by (partial, temporary or full) legalization of their plantations, charging farmers for their activities in the forestry domain and using these proceeds to finance and coordinate proper water table management. Such an approach may lead to landscape-wide improved water table management and associated reductions in draught, fire, flooding and associated GHG emissions.…”

Section: Rewet Peatlandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia

Purwanto¹,

Santoso²,

Jelsma³

et al. 2020

Land

Self Cite

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With 15–20% of Indonesian oil palms located, without a legal basis and permits, within the forest zone (‘Kawasan hutan’), international concerns regarding deforestation affect the totality of Indonesian palm oil export. ‘Forest zone oil palm’ (FZ-OP) is a substantive issue that requires analysis and policy change. While spatial details of FZ-OP remain contested, we review literature on (1) the legal basis of the forest zone and its conversion, (2) social stratification in oil palm production (large-scale, plasma and independent growers), and (3) environmental consequences of forest conversion to FZ-OP, before discussing policy options in a range of social and ecological contexts. Policy options range from full regularization (as FZ-OP stands could meet international forest definitions), to conditional acceptance of diversified smallholder plantings in ‘agroforestry concessions’, to gradually phasing out FZ-OP and eviction/destruction. A nuanced and differentiated approach to FZ-OP is needed, as certification of legality along supply chains is vulnerable to illegal levies and corruption. Corporate actors trading internationally can avoid use of uncertified raw materials, effectively shifting blame and depressing farmgate prices for domestic-market palm oil, but this will not return forest conditions or stop further forest conversion. We discuss an agenda for follow-up policy research.

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“…Nevertheless, the RSPO has since claimed the high ground, both socially and environmentally, by requiring protection of both HCV and HCS forests in the latest version of its Principles and Criteria [99]. Critics of the RSPO standards have argued that the national ISPO standards, now applied to roughly 30% of the country's large-scale oil palm schemes [100], do more to protect the interests of smallholders by means of a number of specific regulations, even though the willingness and ability of smallholders to comply with these regulations is clearly problematic [101,102]. For its part, the RSPO has responded by creating a 'simplified FPIC approach' and a 'simplified combined HCV-HCS approach' that is meant to enable independent smallholders to progress through a number of 'milestones' on the way to meeting standards specific to their own form of economic activity [103].…”

Section: A New Kind Of Forestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The FPIC Principle Meets Land Struggles in Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

Filer

Mahanty

Potter

2020

Land

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Social and environmental safeguards are now commonplace in policies and procedures that apply to certain kinds of foreign investment in developing countries. Prominent amongst these is the principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), which is commonly tied to policies and procedures relating to investments that have an impact on ‘indigenous peoples’. This paper treats international safeguards as a possible manifestation of what Karl Polanyi called the ‘double movement’ in the operation of a capitalist market economy. Our concern here is with the way that the FPIC principle has been applied in struggles over the alienation of land and associated natural resources claimed by indigenous peoples or customary landowners in three developing countries—Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Case studies of recent land struggles in these countries are used to illustrate the existence of a spectrum in which the application of the FPIC principle may contribute more or less to the defence of customary rights. On one hand, it may be little more than a kind of ‘performance’ that simply adds some extra value to a newly created commodity. On the other hand, it may sometimes enable local or indigenous communities and their allies in ‘civil society’ to mount an effective defence of their rights in opposition to the processes of alienation or commodification. The paper finds that all three countries have political regimes and national policy frameworks that are themselves resistant to the imposition of social and environmental safeguards by foreign investors or international financial institutions. However, they differ widely in the extent to which they make institutional space for the FPIC principle to become the site of a genuine double movement of the kind that Polanyi envisaged.

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Certification, good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector

Cited by 92 publications

References 48 publications

The Endophytic Microbiome as a Hotspot of Synergistic Interactions, with Prospects of Plant Growth Promotion

The Endophytic Microbiome as a Hotspot of Synergistic Interactions, with Prospects of Plant Growth Promotion

Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia

The FPIC Principle Meets Land Struggles in Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

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