Cervical cancer survivors at increased risk of subsequent tobacco-related malignancies, United States 1992–2008

Abstract

Purpose-Persistent smoking among cancer survivors may increase their risk of subsequent malignancies, including tobacco-related malignancies. Despite these risks, nearly 40 % of women diagnosed with cervical cancer continue to smoke after diagnosis. This study describes the relative risk of developing any subsequent and tobacco-related malignancy among cervical cancer survivors.Methods-We examined data from the year 1992 to 2008 in 13 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries. We calculated the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95 % confidence limits (CLs) for all subsequent and tobacco-related malignancies among cervical cancer survivors. Tobacco-related malignancies were defined according to the 2004 Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Smoking. For comparison with cervical cancer survivors, SIRs for subsequent malignancies were also calculated for female survivors of breast or colorectal cancers.Results-The SIR of developing a subsequent tobacco-related malignancy was higher among cervical cancer survivors (SIR = 2.2, 95 % CL = 2.0-2.4). Female breast (SIR = 1.1, 95 % CL = 1.0-1.1) and colorectal cancer survivors (1.1, 1.1-1.2) also had an elevated risk. The increased risk of a subsequent tobacco-related malignancy among cervical cancer survivors was greatest in the first 5 years after the initial diagnosis and decreased as time since diagnosis elapsed.Conclusion-Women with cervical cancer have a two-fold increased risk of subsequent tobacco-related malignancies, compared with breast and colorectal cancer survivors. In an effort to decrease their risk of subsequent tobacco-related malignancies, cancer survivors should be targeted for tobacco prevention and cessation services. Special attention should be given to cervical cancer survivors whose risk is almost twice that of breast or colorectal cancer survivors.

Heightened risk of second primary carcinoma of the head and neck following cervical neoplasia

“…A synergistic effect exists between HPV and tobacco . Tobacco is thought to contribute to the progression and malignant transformation of persistent HPV infections of the cervix .…”

Advancing Health Equity in Cancer Survivorship

“…54 Cervical cancer survivors had a greater risk of additional malignancies associated with tobacco use. 55 Additional research suggested that CRC survivors have higher percentages of obesity and lower levels of physical activity. 56 These studies provide guidance about specific areas that may be targeted to improve survivor education about and self-efficacy related to optimizing health.…”

Knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors among students at the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce

“…The present study demonstrated that only 13% of young women were familiar with the impact of smoking. Underwood et al assessed cervical cancer incidence rate in the USA during the period 1992-2008 and observed that female smokers with cervical cancer were twice more prone to coexistent smoking-dependent cancers [4].…”

“…As far as we know today, the main cause of cervical cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, in particular with high grade oncogenic HPV genotypes, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, as well as co-occurrence of other factors predisposing women to cancer [1][2][3][4]. According to the WHO, the factors include smoking, multiple sexual partners, low socioeconomic status, herpes simplex virus (HSV) co-infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and antioxidant and vitamin insufficiency in the diet.…”