Cervical Human Vertebrae Quantitative Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Middle and Lower Regions

Panjabi, Manohar M.; Duranceau, Joanne; Goel, Vijay K.; Oxland, Thomas R.; Takata, Ken

doi:10.1097/00007632-199108000-00001

Cited by 406 publications

(277 citation statements)

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“…Similar to humans, vertebral canal depth in our specimens was largest at C2 and progressively decreased caudally to T1 (Panjabi et al, 1991;Tatarek, 2005). We observed VCW to progressively increase caudally from C2 before plateauing in the C7 to T1 region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…We observed VCW to progressively increase caudally from C2 before plateauing in the C7 to T1 region. This corresponds to increases in human values from C3 to C6, but does not reflect the decreases reported between C2-C3, and C6-C7 (Panjabi et al, 1991;Tatarek, 2005). Our trends for VCA ax are similar to that of Panjabi et al (1991), with values decreasing from C2 to C3, then increasing to C6 and C7, before decreasing again at C7 or T1.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

“…This corresponds to increases in human values from C3 to C6, but does not reflect the decreases reported between C2-C3, and C6-C7 (Panjabi et al, 1991;Tatarek, 2005). Our trends for VCA ax are similar to that of Panjabi et al (1991), with values decreasing from C2 to C3, then increasing to C6 and C7, before decreasing again at C7 or T1. However, unlike common observances in older humans (Okada et al, 2009), we observed no evidence of cervical spinal stenosis or cervical myelopathy in our aged or geriatric rats.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

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Effects of Advanced Age on the Morphometry and Degenerative State of the Cervical Spine in a Rat Model

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Cox

Tetzlaff

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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Aging causes changes in the geometry of the human cervical spine that may influence the tissue response to applied loads. Rat models are often used to study spinal cord injuries (SCI) and have the potential to enhance our understanding of the effect of age on SCI. The goal of this study was to characterize the morphometry and degenerative state of the cervical spine in Fisher 344 rats, and to determine the influence of age on these variables. Fifteen rats were split into three age groups: young adult (3 months of age), aged (12-18 months) and geriatric (30 months). Following tissue harvest we used a lCT scanner to image the cervical and upper thoracic spine from each specimen. Analysis software was used to measure variables including canal pinch diameter (the most rostral point on the dorsal aspect of a vertebral body to the most caudal aspect of the lamina on the immediately rostral vertebra), vertebral canal depth, width, and area, vertebral body height, depth, width, and area, and intervertebral disc thickness. Orthopaedic surgeons used midsagittal images to rate the degenerative state of the intervertebral discs. For all measures except disc thickness there was a significant increase (mean (SD) ¼ 15.0 (9.7)%) for the aged compared to young specimens (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between the aged and geriatric specimens for only vertebral body depth (P ¼ 0.016) and area (P ¼ 0.020). Intervertebral disc degeneration was significantly greater on the ventral aspect of the spinal column (P < 0.001), with a trend toward increased degeneration in the geriatric specimens (P ¼ 0.069). The results suggest that agerelated morphometric differences may need to be accounted for in experimental aging models of SCI in rats. Anat Rec, 294:1326Rec, 294: -1336Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

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Effects of Advanced Age on the Morphometry and Degenerative State of the Cervical Spine in a Rat Model

Laing

Cox

Tetzlaff

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…Those reports investigated small number of cases and were largely cadaver studies or based on plain radiographs [3,4]. CT evaluation of bony structures is more accurate, and determination of lumbar endplate dimensions showed a large discrepancy to those of lumbar arthroplasty devices [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although clinical and radiological outcomes as well as biomechanical studies of cervical disc prostheses of various implant designs have been extensively investigated in the literature [2], there are still no anthropometric data on endplate dimensions in relation to device dimensions. Most published data are based on geometric measurements of cadaver vertebrae [3,4]. Currently available disc prostheses have various footprint sizes, derived from the cadaver data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Footprint mismatch in total cervical disc arthroplasty

et al. 2012

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Purpose Cervical disc arthroplasty has become a commonplace surgery for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. Most manufacturers derive their implant dimensions from early published cadaver studies. Ideal footprint match of the prosthesis is essential for good surgical outcome. Methods We measured the dimensions of cervical vertebrae from computed tomography (CT) scans and to assess the accuracy of match achieved with the most common cervical disc prostheses [Bryan (Medtronic), Prestige LP (Medtronic), Discover (DePuy) Prodisc-C (Synthes)]. A total of 192 endplates in 24 patients (56.3 years) were assessed. The anterior-posterior and mediolateral diameters of the superior and inferior endplates were measured with a digital measuring system. Results Overall, 53.5 % of the largest device footprints were smaller in the anterior-posterior diameter and 51.1 % in the mediolateral diameter were smaller than cervical endplate diameters. For levels C5/C6 and C6/C7 an inappropriate size match was noted in 61.9 % as calculated from the anteroposterior diameter. Mismatch at the center mediolateral diameter was noted in 56.8 %. Of the endplates in the current study up to 58.1 % of C5/C6 and C6/ C7, and up to 45.3 % of C3/C4 and C4/C5 were larger than the most frequently implanted cervical disc devices. Conclusion Surgeons and manufacturers should be aware of the size mismatch in currently available cervical disc prostheses, which may endanger the safety and efficacy of the procedure. Undersizing the prosthetic device may lead to subsidence, loosening, heterotopic ossification and biomechanical failure caused by an incorrect center of rotation and load distribution, affecting the facet joints.

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