Cervical Posture, Pain, and Pathology: Developmental, Evolutionary and Occupational Perspective

Ezra, David; Been, Ella; Alperovitch‐Najenson, Deborah; Kalichman, Leonid

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_14

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Additionally, in both static and dynamic conditions, motion, balance, and stability of the cervical spine depend on the complex synergistic and competitive actions of the various muscle groups. With the increase in age, the cervical lordotic curve is modified to either full alignment, kyphotic curve, or to an S‐shape (a combination of lordotic and kyphotic curves) (Ezra, Been, Alperovitch‐Najenson, & Kalichman, 2019). These modifications are due to changes in the vertebral bodies' height (Ezra et al, 2017), intervertebral disc degeneration (Been, Shefi, & Soudack, 2017), and muscle fatty degeneration (Passias et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3–C7): A skeletal study

Ezra

Kedar

Salame

et al. 2021

The Anatomical Record

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Previous studies have reported that osteophytes in the cervical vertebrae may cause immobility, neck stiffness, osteoarthritis, headaches, nerve entrapment syndromes, and compression of the vertebral artery. Our objective was to explore the osteophytes' expression on zygapophyseal joints C3–C7. This is a cross‐sectional observational skeletal study. The study sample comprised 273 human skeletons of both sexes, aged 20–93, housed at the Natural History Museum, OH, USA. A grading system assessed the presence and severity of osteophytosis on the zygapophyseal joints. The chi‐square test (SPSS 25.0) examined the association between osteophytes and demographic factors. The level of significance (α) was set at .05. The highest prevalence of osteophytes was found on C5 vertebra, the lowest on C7. On vertebrae C3, C4, C6, the rate of moderate and severe osteophytes found on the superior and inferior facets were comparable. Moderate and severe degrees of osteophytes were observed more frequently on the superior facets, whereas, on vertebra C7, osteophytes were found on the inferior facet joints. Osteophytes' prevalence was significantly higher in the elderly compared to the younger population. Osteophytes in the C3–C7 zygapophyseal joints are age‐dependent. No significant sex and ethnic differences were observed. Vertebra C5 was most prone to develop osteophytes, most probably due to its location in the cervical lordotic peak, C5 in the superior ZF; C7 in the inferior ZF are significant (p = .05). The zygapophyseal joints of C7 were least frequent overall, yet, the C7 inferior facets had significantly more moderate–severe osteophytes compared to other cervical vertebrae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3–C7): A skeletal study

Ezra

Kedar

Salame

et al. 2021

The Anatomical Record

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“…This interesting outcome, as yet unpublished elsewhere, may be related to sedentarity and neck pain, a subject discussed in the literature. In a review was reported that sitting for long periods and holding the head in a forward position, causes cervical sagittal imbalance, and furthers the development of cervical pain and pathology [6]. Ames, et al [25], suggest that cervical posture affects the development of cervical pathology, however, if this relationship exists, it has not yet been fully acknowledged.…”

Section: Association Of Cervical Lordosis With Occupational Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the head position, i.e. forward head posture, may also infl uence the shape of the cervical curvature [6]. A recent study observed that age and sex signifi cantly associated with the shape and magnitude of cervical lordosis [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between cervical lordosis and age, sex, history of cervical trauma and sedentarity: A CT study

Ezra¹,

Kalichman²,

Simonovich³

et al. 2020

Arch Anat Physiol

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“…There is a significant association between the loss of cervical lordosis and the weakness of cervical extensor group of muscles. 4,5 The natural biomechanical alignment of the spine is essential to distribute most of the load posteriorly. Therefore, any deviation from this natural alignment might lead to the development of cervical pathology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of muscle energy technique and facet joint mobilisation in the patient with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial

Huma Tabassum,

Mariam,

Gondal

2023

J Pak Med Assoc

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Objective: To compare the effects of muscle energy techniques, facet joint mobilisation and conventional physical therapy on pain, disability, cervical lordosis and range of motion in patients with chronic neck pain. Method: The parallel-design randomised controlled trial was conducted at the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department of the Heavy Industries Taxila Hospital, Taxila Cantt, Pakistan, from December 2020 to May 2021, and comprised patients of either gender aged 35-50 years who had chronic neck pain, recurrent neck pain, and cervical spine curve. The participants were randomised into muscle energy techniques group A, facet joint mobilisation group B and conventional physical therapy group C. The outcome measures were cervical lordosis, pain intensity, neck disability index and cervical range of motions. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results: Of the 115 patients initially assessed, 105(91.3%) were included; 67(63.8%) females and 38(36.2%) males. There were 35(33.3%) subjects in group A with mean age 40.09± 4.29 years, 35(33.3%) in group B with mean age 40.14±4.57 years and 35(33.3%) in group C with men age 39.26±5.19 years. There were no significant differences among the groups at baseline in terms of mean age, weight, height, body mass index, neck disability index, cervical lordosis and range of motion (p>0.05). Of the total, 6(5.7%) were lost to follow-up and the study was completed by 99(94.3%) subjects. Outcome variables in group A were superior to those in groups B and C with respect to flexion, rotation and side-bending (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups A and B related to numeric pain rating scale and neck disability index (p>0.05). Conclusion: Muscle energy techniques and facet joint mobilisation showed significant improvement in neck pain, disability and cervical range of motions compared to conventional physical therapy. Muscle energy techniques and facet joint mobilisation produced similar outcomes with respect to pain intensity and functional disability. Clinical Trial Number: The study was prospectively registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05040477). Key Words: Cervical lordosis, Facet joint, Mobilisation, Muscle energy techniques, Neck pain.

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Cervical Posture, Pain, and Pathology: Developmental, Evolutionary and Occupational Perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 84 publications

Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3–C7): A skeletal study

Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3–C7): A skeletal study

The association between cervical lordosis and age, sex, history of cervical trauma and sedentarity: A CT study

Comparison of muscle energy technique and facet joint mobilisation in the patient with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial

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