Challenges and Opportunities in Finfish Nutrition

Abstract

Much of the criticism leveled at aquaculture (e.g., dependency on animal‐derived feedstuffs, nutrient‐laden effluent discharges, and increased organic contamination in edible products) can be traced to the feeds in use. Accordingly, finfish nutritionists are being challenged to formulate feeds that not only meet the nutritional requirements of livestock but also minimize production costs, limit environmental impacts, and enhance product quality. These challenges not only add considerable complexity to finfish nutrition but also afford opportunities to avoid some of the mistakes made by other industries in the past. From a review of the current status of finfish nutrition with respect to major nutrient classes, we comment on future opportunities and promising avenues of research. Alternative protein sources, specifically those derived from marine bycatch, plants, and microbes, are discussed, as well as methods to facilitate their implementation in finfish feeds. Dietary lipid, its role in fish bioenergetics and physiology, and quality of aquaculture products is reviewed with special emphasis on alternative lipid sources and finishing diets. Carbohydrates and fiber are discussed in terms of nutrient‐sparing, least‐cost diet formulation and digestive physiology. Micronutrients are reviewed in terms of current knowledge of requirements and, along with other dietary immunostimulants, are given further consideration in a review of nutriceuticals and application in finfish feeds. The status of nutritional research in new aquaculture species is also outlined. By integrating classical approaches with emerging technologies, dietary formulations, and species, finfish nutritionists may identify means to increase production efficiency and sustainability and provide for the continued success of aquaculture.

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of antivirus drug-lamivudine in TiO2 dispersion

“…These results are consistent with our previous work evaluating these lipids [34], and unsurprising given that over 90% of total fatty acids in CO are SFA, the composition of PO is roughly 50% SFA and 40% MUFA and neither alternative lipid contains LC-PUFA (unpublished data). The effects of fish oil replacement on dietary fatty acid profile observed in the present study were also consistent with the well-established effects of fish oil sparing on the composition of aquafeeds [37][38][39].…”

Criteria for Safe Use of Plant Ingredients in Diets for Aquacultured Fish

“…Readers with special interest in nutritional factors on immune response of fish are referred to the comprehensive reviews of Landolt (1989), Anderson (1992), Blazer (1992), , Raa (1996), Galeotti (1998), Gannam and Schrock (1999), Sakai (1999), Sohn et al (2000), Galindo and Hosokawa (2004), Trushenski et al (2006), Panigrahi and Azad (2007) and Sahoo (2007). Information on the effect of lipids on immunity is presented in Chapter 7: Current and future plant oils in aquafeeds.…”

Marine cage culture and the environment: effects on water quality and primary production

“…Lipids are an essential component of fish feeds and are cited as a source of organic waste at fish farms (Hargrave 2003, Nash et al 2005, Huntington et al 2006, Trushenski et al 2006, Pittenger et al 2007, Rust et al 2011. Fish feeds vary significantly in composition, with lipids comprising 4−40% (Tucker & Hargreaves 2008) of commercial diets.…”