Challenges concerning new psychoactive substance detection in oral fluid

Wille, Sarah M. R.; Eliaerts, Joy; Fazio, Vincent Di; Samyn, Nele

doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.004

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As a result, analysis of the collection pads of negative OF tests were included to detect drivers that used other compounds than the ones detected via the OF screening test. Of course, when interpreting the results between these two groups, the difference in detection window between blood and OF and the possibility of in vitro instability of the compounds of interest should be both taken into consideration . In addition, it is important to consider that the OF samples were not obtained from the same drivers as the blood samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and prescription drugs in the Belgian driving under the influence of drugs population

Wille

Richeval

Nachon-Phanithavong

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a worldwide problem. Several countries have adopted DUID legislations which prove their deterrent effect and impact on road safety. However, the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and prescription drugs is not known, as the applied roadside screening tests have not yet been adapted for these compounds. In this study, 558 blood samples obtained during roadside controls in Belgium (January to August 2015) after a positive Drugwipe 5S® test and 199 oral fluid (OF) samples obtained from negatively screened test pads were analyzed. The NPS positivity rate was 7% in blood, while it reached 11% in OF. NPS detected were: diphenidine, ketamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, 2-amino-indane, methoxetamine, α-PVP, methiopropamine, a mix of 5-MAPB/5-EAPB, TH-PVP, mephedrone, methedrone, 4-methylethylcathinone, 5-MeO-DALT, 4-Acetoxy-DiPT, AB Fubinaca, FUB-JWH018, JWH020, trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, and ethylphenidate. Moreover, 17% of blood samples (and 5% of OF) contained an analgesic drug, 10% (0.5%) a benzodiazepine/hypnotic, 5% (2%) an antidepressant, 2% (3%) an antipsychotic, 2% an antiepileptic drug, and 1% methylphenidate. The presence of NPS in the young (and predominately male) DUID population is proven. Furthermore, a high level of poly-drug use including combinations of NPS, licit, and drugs of abuse was observed. Further research concerning the development of on-site NPS detection techniques should be established. Meanwhile, the effects of combined drug use on driving ability and the physical/psychological signs after NPS use should be performed to improve the on-site DUID detection of NPS by police officers, so they can engage in blood sampling for a general unknown screening.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and prescription drugs in the Belgian driving under the influence of drugs population

Wille

Richeval

Nachon-Phanithavong

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Owing to the low content of salt and organic metabolites, the matrix effect of oral fluid has been found to be much less than that of urine in LTP‐MS experiments . However, we still observed strong ion suppression from the mass spectra for NPS‐spiked blank matrix solution and NPS spiked oral fluid sample while analyzing the oral fluid directly, as shown in Figures S1–S4 ( supporting information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Immunological and chromatographic methods are the two most frequently used techniques to analyze NPSs in oral fluid . Although the immunological methods for on‐site testing are rapid and simple, they lack selectivity due to cross‐reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the immunological methods for on‐site testing are rapid and simple, they lack selectivity due to cross‐reactions. On the other hand, chromatography‐based methods exhibit high selectivity with LODs (about 0.01–1 ng/mL) much lower than those of immunoassays (about 1 to several hundred ng/mL) . Hence chromatographic methods, including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), have been routinely used in the laboratory .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with DESI and DART, the LTP probe is relatively simple to structure and does not require extensive gases and solvents, which makes it more appropriate as an ion source for portable mass spectrometers. However, to the best of our knowledge, the detection of NPSs by LTP‐MS in oral fluid has rarely been explored, with only one report available to date …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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