Challenges for CO2 mitigation in the Lebanese electric-power sector

Attributional life cycle assessment of mounted 1.8 kWp monocrystalline photovoltaic system with batteries and comparison with fossil energy production system

“…In contrast, the diesel oil used in decentralised gensets are imported by the private sector companies from various sources (including European ones) with a maximum permissible sulphur level of 0.035% by weight [30,31]. This importation drains national revenues and undermines energy security, currently judged very poor [32,18,23,24,19,31,33,29]. With the recent influx of Syrian refugee population, an increase in electricity demand in the order of 251-362 MW is projected by end of 2014, a situation which requires additional capital investment in generation capacity associated with transmission and distribution networks [34], rendering plans for 24-h electricity farfetched and thus continuation of the blackout conditions.…”

“…In addition, the transmission and distribution networks face two types of problems: technical losses in the range of 15% and non-technical losses (e.g., theft) amounting to 20% [28]. Due to these shortages, power cuts average at around 6 h/day at the country level [35], with rationing hours unevenly distributed between cities [23]. Since supply does not meet the demand, self-generation, in the form of diesel neighbourhood generators, is playing an increasing role in providing additional electricity, especially for the industrial and residential sectors.…”

“…El-Fadel et al [18] evaluated the sustainability of the Lebanese electricity system. El-Fadel et al [21], Ghaddar et al [22], Dagher and Ruble [23] addressed the potential for greenhouse gas reduction in the power sector. [24] looked at market incentives in solving the national energy crisis.…”

Transforming shortcomings into opportunities: Can market incentives solve Lebanon's energy crisis?

“…Yet, with no more additions to installed capacity for the past 14 years and an electricity demand growth estimated in the range of 2.5-8% per year (Dagher and Ruble, 2010), the shortage in installed capacity is estimated to be around 700 MW in 2010 (MEW, 2010). Furthermore, to meet estimated demand increases, an additional 800 MW of installed capacity will be required by 2014; while another 1000 MW will be required after 2015 in order to reach a total installed capacity of 5000 MW in the medium term (MEW, 2010).…”

“…Karaki and Chedid (2007), Abi Said (2005), Comair (2009) and El-Fadel et al (2010) present an overview of the Lebanese electricity sector and investigate Lebanons potential for RE while El-Fadel et al (2010) also examine the reform of the power sector with a special emphasis on sustainability. The potential for greenhouse gas reductions in the power sector is addressed by El-Fadel et al (2003), Ghaddar et al (2005), Chaaban and Chedid (2000) and Dagher and Ruble (2010); Ghaddar et al (2005) also consider the socio-economic aspects of an increased deployment of RE. El-Fadel and Bou-Zeid (1999) and Chaaban and Chedid (2000) consider greenhouse gas mitigation in Lebanon's transport sector.…”