Challenges of sustainable groundwater management for large scale irrigation under changing climate in Lower Ganga River basin in India

Recent Climate Change in the Lake Kyoga Basin, Uganda: An Analysis Using Short-Term and Long-Term Data with Standardized Precipitation and Anomaly Indexes

“…It mainly requires historical monthly rainfall data as its primary input data to compute different time-scale droughts depending on the study objective. Its ability to show the interval, scale, and spatial level of drought has made it a global tool [66,69,79,80]. The weakness of the technique is its non-incorporation of temperature, and soil water balance, which would make it suitable for climate change assessment [62].…”

“…These include the Palmer drought severity index (PSDI) [60], China-Z index [61], standard precipitation index (SPI) [62], standard precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) [63], actual precipitation index (API) [64], and soil and wetness deficit index (SWDI) [65]. SPI and SPEI are easily accessible and have been applied in many countries in the ecological environment and agriculture [11,[66][67][68][69][70]. Temperature anomaly is usually computed using a standardized anomaly index (SAI) and used with SPI to determine climate change [11,69].…”

“…SPI and SPEI are easily accessible and have been applied in many countries in the ecological environment and agriculture [11,[66][67][68][69][70]. Temperature anomaly is usually computed using a standardized anomaly index (SAI) and used with SPI to determine climate change [11,69].…”

Integrating Gravimetry Data With Thermal Infra‐Red Data From Satellites to Improve Efficiency of Operational Irrigation Advisory in South Asia

“…Rodell et al (2018) identified the rate of depletion of total water storage (TWS) to be 19.2 ± 1.1 km 3 /year (half the storage capacity of Three Gorges Dam in China) in Northern India, resulting from groundwater irrigation. From 1996 to 2017, an increasing trend of groundwater storage loss has been reported over the lower Ganges basin varying from −48.83 to −2.27 cm/year during winter (or dry) seasons (November-April) (Rahman et al, 2020). According to Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) TWS analysis, Indus basin has been losing groundwater storage at a rate of 1.5 km 3 /year even after accounting for monsoonal recharge (Iqbal et al, 2016(Iqbal et al, , 2017.…”

“…For instance, the water requirements for rice in Punjab and Sindh Provinces of Pakistan are ∼600 and 1,400 mm, respectively; but the farmers routinely apply around 2200 mm resulting in a significant loss of groundwater, and an increase in fuel cost due to pumping from deeper layers (Hossain et al, 2017). Therefore, a proper management of groundwater resources for agricultural uses is critical for a sustainable balance between groundwater supply and demand to ensure food security in the coming decades for South Asia (Malakar et al, 2020;Rahman et al, 2020). A recent study by the Central Groundwater Board of India has reported that Western India is likely to run out of its groundwater in another 20 years (Singh, 2020).…”