“…In addition, female physicians start their specialization less often at a university hospital and base their career decisions more on family planning (Busche, 2017). Given that our sample consists of postdocs, (self-)selection processes may already have taken place at that point, since previous studies indicate that after the second thesis, women do not seem to be disadvantaged in terms of being appointed as a professor (Brodesser & Samjeske, 2015;Jungbauer-Gans & Gross, 2013;Lind & Löther, 2007;Lutter & Schröder, 2016). In theory, women may perceive lower success probabilities, and possibly higher costs when considering sacrifices such as postponing family planning.…”