Change in pan evaporation over the past 50 years in the arid region of China

Shen, Yanjun; Liu, Changming; Liu, Min; Zeng, Yan; Chen, Tian

doi:10.1002/hyp.7435

Cited by 76 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, the "pan evaporation paradox" is a manifestation of the CR theory, as major declines of pan evaporation were witnessed in many sites in the US, Canada, Mexico, Iran, Thailand and India [90][91][92][93][94][95][96], many of which are in arid environmental settings. Similar proof for the evaporation paradox was reported in China's northwestern arid regions [33,[97][98][99]. Set against a global background of the evaporation paradox, our research results-i.e., in situ measurements reliably estimated using our proposed model-indicate an increase of actual evaporation and decrease of observed pan evaporation in accordance with the available evidence; furthermore, it adds concrete proof of the existence of the evaporation paradox, as well as to the adaptability of the CR theory in China's hyper-arid region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The 20 m 2 evaporation tank is found only at some evaporation stations due to high expenses in building and maintaining the equipment, whereas the GGI-3000 is found only in former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, Russia and China [29]. Compared with the evaporation pans previously mentioned, the E601 evaporation pan (i.e., modified GGI-3000 pan) is practical, cost-effective and commonly used by Chinese researchers [10,[30][31][32][33][34][35]. One of the characteristics of the E601 pan is that it has four arc water troughs 20 cm wide, which comprise a water circle to reduce the effects of turbulence generated by the pan (particularly by the rim of the pan) while ensuring accuracy [29,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lake Evaporation in a Hyper-Arid Environment, Northwest of China—Measurement and Estimation

Liu

Wang

et al. 2016

Water

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Lake evaporation is a critical component of the hydrological cycle. Quantifying lake evaporation in hyper-arid regions by measurement and estimation can both provide reliable potential evaporation (ET 0 ) reference and promote a deeper understanding of the regional hydrological process and its response towards changing climate. We placed a floating E601 evaporation pan on East Juyan Lake, which is representative of arid regions' terminal lakes, to measure daily evaporation and conducted simultaneous bankside synoptic observation during the growing season of 2013-2015. A semi-empirical evaporation model derived from Dalton model was parameterized and validated with measured data. The model was then used to estimate lake evaporation during 2002-2015. According to in situ measurements, maximum, minimum and mean lake evaporation were 8.1, 3.7 and 6.5 mm/day, and growing season evaporation was 1183.3 mm (~80% of the annual amount). Adding up non-growing season evaporation that we converted from φ20 pan evaporation at Ejina weather station, the annual mean lake evaporation, 1471.3 mm, was representative of lower Heihe River's ET 0 . Model inter-comparison implied our model performed well both in simplicity and accuracy and has potential utilization in a data-sparse area. In 2002-2015, estimated mean daily evaporation was 6.5 mm/day and growing season evaporation was 1233.7 mm. Trend analysis of estimated evaporation proved the evaporation paradox's existence in this hyper-arid region and validated complementary relationship theory's adaptability.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lake Evaporation in a Hyper-Arid Environment, Northwest of China—Measurement and Estimation

Liu

Wang

et al. 2016

Water

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“…Moreover, the decrease in SWS has slowed the expansion of drought areas, resulting in an 8.8% decrease in the drought area in China over the past 40 years (Liu et al 2014a). The SWS decrease has also been identified as a key factor in reducing the atmospheric evaporative demand in China's Yangtze River Basin, Northwest China and North China Plain (Xu et al 2006a;Shen et al 2010;Song et al 2010). Similar decreases in pan-evaporation, mainly attributed to SWS decreases, have also been reported in the United States (Hobbins 2004) and India (Verma et al 2008;Bandyopadhyay et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed and their possible causes: an overview

et al. 2017

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drag forces are caused by changes in the external and internal friction in the atmosphere. Changes in surface friction are mainly caused by changes in the surface roughness due to land use and cover change (LUCC), including urbanization, and changes in internal friction are mainly induced by changes in the boundary layer characteristics. Future studies should compare the spatio-temporal differences in SWS between high and low altitudes and quantify the effects of different factors on the SWS. Additionally, in-depth analysis of extreme SWS events and prediction of future mean and extreme SWS values at global and regional scales are also necessary. Abstract Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed (SWS) are induced by a combination of anthropogenic activities and natural climate changes. Thus, the study of the long-term changes of SWS and their causes is very important for recognizing the effects of these processes. Although the slowdown in SWS has been analyzed in previous studies, to the best of knowledge, no overall comparison or detailed examination of this research has been performed. Similarly, the causes of the decreases in SWS and the best directions of future research have not been discussed in depth. Therefore, we analyzed a series of studies reporting SWS trends spanning the last 30 years from around the world. The changes in SWS differ among different regions. The most significant decreases have occurred in Central Asia and North America, with mean linear trends of − 0.11 m s −1 decade −1 ; the second most significant decreases have occurred in Europe, East Asia, and South Asia, with mean linear trends of − 0.08 m s −1 decade −1 ; and the weakest decrease has occurred in Australia. Although the SWS in Africa has decreased, this region lacks long-term observational data. Therefore, the uncertainties in the long-term SWS trend are higher in this region than in other regions. The changes in SWS, caused by a mixture of global-, regional-, and localscale factors, are mainly due to changes in driving forces and drag forces. The changes in the driving forces are caused by changes in atmospheric circulation, and the changes in the Keywords

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“…Basically, the potential factors that influence E pan can be divided into three category terms: thermodynamic term (temperature, sunshine hours and diurnal temperature range), aerodynamic term (wind speed and pressure) and hydrodynamic term (relative humidity, precipitation and low cloud cover) (Liu et al, 2009;Shen et al, 2010). Peterson et al (1995) attributed the general decline in E pan in the United States and the former Soviet Union for the period 1950-1990 to increasing cloudiness.…”

Section: Implications For Pan Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

China's dimming and brightening: evidence, causes and hydrological implications

Wang

Yang

2014

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. There is growing evidence that, corresponding to global dimming and brightening, surface solar radiation and sunshine hours over China have undergone decadal fluctuations during the 1960s-2000s. The results of a number of these analyses are, however, very different. In this study, we synthesize reliable results and conclusively address recent advances and insufficiencies in studies on dimming and brightening in China. A temporally and spatially prevalent dimming trend is noted in surface solar radiation, direct solar radiation and sunshine hours since the 1960s. Meanwhile, the changing trend in diffuse solar radiation is less pronounced. Increasing anthropogenic aerosol loading is regarded as the most plausible explanation for China's dimming. The brightening trend since 1990, which mainly occurs in southeastern China and in the spring season, is weak and insignificant. The reverse in the solar radiation trend is associated with climate change by cloud suppression and slowdown in anthropogenic emissions. The future solar radiation trend in China could largely depend on the development of air quality control. Other potential driving factors such as wind speed, water vapor and surface albedo are also non-negligible in specific regions of China. Hydrological implications of dimming and brightening in China lack systematic investigation. However, the fact that solar radiation and pan evaporation trends in China track a similar curve in 1990 further suggests that the pan evaporation paradox could be partly resolved by changes in solar radiation.

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Change in pan evaporation over the past 50 years in the arid region of China

Cited by 76 publications

References 21 publications

Lake Evaporation in a Hyper-Arid Environment, Northwest of China—Measurement and Estimation

Lake Evaporation in a Hyper-Arid Environment, Northwest of China—Measurement and Estimation

Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed and their possible causes: an overview

China's dimming and brightening: evidence, causes and hydrological implications

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