“…The effectiveness of e-government implementation is determined not only by the availability of information technology tools, but also by how users use e-government to support operational and organizational goals in achieving e-government value. Non-technical factors influencing e-government implementation performance include human resource leadership (Dias, 2020;Sandoval-Almazán et al, 2017;Sulistiyani & Susanto, 2018;UNDESA, 2020;Villanueva, 2018), policy and regulation (Al-Muftah et al, 2018;Nachit et al, 2021;Omoyiola, 2019;Sandoval-Almazán et al, 2017;Sulistiyani & Susanto, 2018;UNDESA, 2020;Villanueva, 2018;Wilson & Mergel, 2022), organization (Al-Muftah et al, 2018;Ashaye & Irani, 2019;Dias, 2020;Gilman, 2018;Omoyiola, 2019;Sandoval-Almazán et al, 2017), business process (Nachit et al, 2021;Omoyiola, 2019;Sandoval-Almazán et al, 2017;UNDESA, 2020;Wilson & Mergel, 2022), culture (Humbeck et al, 2019;Wilson & Mergel, 2022), economy (Gong et al, 2020;Omoyiola, 2019;Sandoval-Almazán et al, 2017;Srinavin et al, 2021;Wilson & Mergel, 2022), demographics and geographical conditions (Dias, 2020;Gong et al, 2020;Omoyiola, 2019;Sandoval-Almazán et al, 2017;Wilson & Mergel, 2022). Non-technical factors often become dominant and are used as a reference to determine technical standards.…”