Change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life

Sanchez, R; Meerts, Peter; Nauwynck, Hans; Pensaert, Maurice

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00120-2

Cited by 74 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…1,9,32,33 Naturally occurring reproductive diseases related to PCV2 infection have been reported earlier, 2,3,5,10,17,20,24,26,36 and experimental studies have shown an association between PCV2 and reproductive failure 12,22,[28][29][30][31]37 that is consistent with the reported proposal of transplacental infection by PCV2. The results of a study of the distribution of PCV2 DNA in the reproductive tract, oocytes, and embryos of PCV2 antibody-positive pigs indicate that PCV2 may be associated with different tissues of the reproductive tract, but is unlikely to be associated with uterine-stage embryos.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Association of Myocarditis with High Viral Load of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Several Tissues in Cases of Fetal Death and High Mortality in Piglets. A Case Study

et al. 2007

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Abstract. During a period of 1.5 months, a newly established pig herd experienced a high number of mummifications and stillbirths, a high neonatal mortality rate, and many piglets with congenital tremors or hind leg ataxia. After clinical and histological investigations, the submitted animals were divided into 4 groups: mummified or stillborn (N 5 6), live born with myocarditis (N 5 5) (average age 22.8 days), live born without myocarditis (N 5 14) (average age 20.0 days), and control animals from a different herd (N 5 5) (newborn). Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) load among the 4 groups in the liver (P , 0.0001). The presence of PCV2 antigen within the myocardial lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A high load of PCV2 DNA was observed in myocardium, liver, and spleen from mummified or stillborn piglets (.1 3 10 7 copies per 500 ng DNA), lower in piglets with myocarditis (.1 3 10 5 copies per 500 ng DNA), and even further lower in pigs without myocarditis (,1 3 10 5 copies per 500 ng DNA), whereas no PCV2 DNA was detected in the control animals. Myocardium, liver, and spleen were well suited for routine testing of fetuses and young piglets by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Neither porcine parvovirus nor encepaholomyocarditis virus was detected. These results indicate that the PCV2 infection might have been of etiological importance for the fetal deaths and piglet mortality observed in this herd.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Association of Myocarditis with High Viral Load of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Several Tissues in Cases of Fetal Death and High Mortality in Piglets. A Case Study

et al. 2007

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“…The embryos that were transferred to a receptor originated from different donor sows as they were randomly allocated to the receptors. This individual different susceptibility for PCV2 infection has already been described in foetuses and piglets by several authors [7,27]. Another possible explanation for the fact that three embryos became negative for viral antigens 14 days after transfer may be related to apoptosis, the process that embryos use during mammalian preimplantation development to eliminate unwanted or damaged cells [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The organ distribution of PCV2-positive cells in the viable embryos was different from that in foetuses and neonates where the heart and lymphoid tissues, respectively, were the main target organs [7]. It is known that in cell cultures, PCV2 requires actively dividing cells for replication [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Several field reports have described the detection of PCV2-antigens mainly in heart lesions of aborted or mummified fetuses from swine herds that were recently primary infected with PCV2 [2][3][4][5]. Intrafetal inoculation experiments with PCV2 in different fetal stages of development confirmed its pathogenic capacity in fetal tissues [6][7][8]. Recently, transplacental spread of PCV2 leading to abortion was also experimentally induced after intranasal inoculation of sows serologically negative for PCV2 at 92 days of gestation [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of a porcine circovirus type 2 infection on embryos during early pregnancy

et al. 2007

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The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on porcine embryos and their receptor sows during the first 21 days of pregnancy. Hatched blastocysts exposed to 10 5.0 TCID 50 PCV2 per ml (strain 1121, fifth passage PK15) and negative control embryos were transferred to PCV2-immune receptor sows at the 7th day of the cycle. Two weeks after transfer (D21), the receptor sows were euthanized and embryos were recovered. They were assessed macroscopically for viability and examined for viral antigen-positive cells by immunoperoxidase staining. The embryonic survival rate of the PCV2-exposed embryos (6.4%, 7 viable embryos out of 110 transferred) was significantly lower than the survival rate of the negative control embryos (65.4%, 34 viable embryos out of 52 transferred). All of the non-viable PCV2-exposed embryos (n = 9) displayed immunohistochemical positive signals for PCV2-antigen in degenerated tissues. In the PCV2-exposed embryos that were categorized as viable at D21, small clusters (n = 4) or no PCV2-positive cells (n = 3) were detected. The pregnancy results of the receptor sows that received PCV2-exposed embryos (1/5) were considerably different from the negative control receptors (2/2), with 3 out of 5 sows displaying a regular return to oestrus.In conclusion, it can be stated that PCV2 can replicate in embryos and might lead to embryonic death. In a small proportion of embryos, PCV2 exposure does not have a detrimental effect on embryo development before D21. #

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“…Cells were fixed with methanol at À20 C for 10 min after the first cycle of PCV2 replication at 36 hpi [22]. PCV2-infected cells were identified by an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) using porcine polyclonal anti-PCV2 antibodies [34] and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal rabbit antiswine immunoglobulins (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark). Substrate was added to stain-infected cells, which were then counted by examination under a light microscope (Olympus Optical Co., Hamburg, Germany).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased yield of porcine circovirus-2 by a combined treatment of PK-15 cells with interferon-gamma and inhibitors of endosomal-lysosomal system acidification

et al. 2007

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Change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life

Cited by 74 publications

References 25 publications

Association of Myocarditis with High Viral Load of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Several Tissues in Cases of Fetal Death and High Mortality in Piglets. A Case Study

Association of Myocarditis with High Viral Load of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Several Tissues in Cases of Fetal Death and High Mortality in Piglets. A Case Study

Effect of a porcine circovirus type 2 infection on embryos during early pregnancy

Increased yield of porcine circovirus-2 by a combined treatment of PK-15 cells with interferon-gamma and inhibitors of endosomal-lysosomal system acidification

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