Changes in Blood Composition and in Urinary Mineral Excretion in the Pig in Response to Acute Acid‐base Disturbance

Scott, Daniel J.; McIntosh, Graeme H.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1975.sp002299

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We were particularly intrigued by the fact that serum Cl reflected changes in dUA and not Cl intake. This was not a novel discovery, because Scott and McIntosh (1975) observed the same effect in response to HCl infusion in growing pigs, as did Honeyfield and Froseth (1985), who fed three levels of ammonium chloride. However, it emphasizes the distinction between physiological changes resulting from alteration in acid-base status as distinct from specific ion effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The relationship among dietary undetermined anion, acid-base balance, and nutrient metabolism in swine.

Patience

Chaplin

1997

Journal of Animal Science

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Dietary undetermined anion (dUA) reflects, in part, the net acid load contributed by the diet. Although dUA is known to influence performance and nutrient metabolism of swine, a lack of knowledge impairs its application to diet formulation. This study was undertaken to separate the effects of dUA from the individual electrolytes that constitute its calculation. Eighteen 35-kg pigs were fitted with indwelling venous catheters and fed one of three barley and soybean meal-based diets: a control diet (C), an acidogenic diet containing calcium chloride (A), or a compensated acidogenic diet containing alkaline salts of sodium and potassium, as well as calcium chloride (CA). Compared with diet C, diet A lowered (P < .05) blood pH, bicarbonate, and base excess and increased (P < .05) urinary ammonium, titratable acid (TA), and net acid excretion (NAE). Diet CA returned blood acid-base values to normal and reduced urinary ammonium, TA, and NAE relative to diet A. Total nitrogen balance was unaffected by diet. Diet CA increased (P < .05) water intake and urine output. Diet A, but not CA, increased (P < .05) serum ionized Ca and C1. Apparent Ca and S digestibility and retention were reduced by diet A, but not by CA. Sodium retention was enhanced (P < .05) by diets A and CA; potassium retention was impaired (P < .05) by CA. Dietary UA altered systemic and renal acid-base balance in pigs. Mineral, but not nitrogen, metabolism was affected by both dUA and specific ion effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The relationship among dietary undetermined anion, acid-base balance, and nutrient metabolism in swine.

Patience

Chaplin

1997

Journal of Animal Science

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“…In the species investigated in the omnivore group, renal Ca excretion does not play a significant role (Cheeke & Amberg, ). By contrast, renal P excretion contributes to maintaining P homeostasis in a larger percentage (Hagemoser, Goff, Sanderson, & Haynes, ; McIntosh & Scott, ; Scott & McIntosh, ). Active regulation of intestinal Ca and P absorption may possibly be more efficient in omnivores than in carnivores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative meta‐analysis on the relationship of faecal calcium and phosphorus excretion in mammals

Böswald

Dobenecker

Clauss

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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SummaryTo investigate the relationship between faecal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) excretion in different mammalian species, a meta-analysis on digestibility data derived from the literature was conducted. Seventy-three studies on carnivores, omnivores, large and small hindgut fermenters, ruminants and hippos (a total of 21 mammalian species, precondition for inclusion dietary Ca/P ratio 1.5/1 -3.0/1) were analysed for Ca and P digestibility. Dietary Ca/P ratios were lower than faecal Ca/P ratios in carnivores, omnivores, ruminants and hippos. In hindgut fermenters, dietary Ca/P ratios were higher than faecal Ca/P ratios, indicating higher intestinal Ca absorption in these species. In all species investigated, there was a significant positive relationship between Ca intake and faecal Ca excretion and between P intake and faecal P excretion. In the biologically relevant range, these equations predicted lower faecal Ca losses in hindgut fermenters than ruminants, for faecal P vice versa. In all species, faecal Ca and P excretion correlated significantly. In carnivores, this highly linear correlation was exceptionally strong (R² = .92). Yet, the linearity of the correlation was questionable in omnivores and ruminants. Possibly, the strong linear correlation of faecal Ca and P excretion in carnivores is due to the formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes in their relatively short and simple gastrointestinal tract. Another hypothesis is that in carnivores, Ca homeostasis relies on modifying bone turnover to a higher degree than on changes in intestinal Ca absorption. For the formation of bone matrix, a constant ratio of Ca and P absorption is of advantage. K E Y W O R D Sbone turnover, calcium, comparative, digestibility, phosphorus | INTRODUCTIONIn a meta-analysis on calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) intake vs. faecal excretion in dogs and cats, Mack, Alexander, Morris, Dobenecker, and Kienzle (2015) observed a close linear relationship between faecal Ca and P excretion (R² = .94 in dogs), regardless of the Ca/P ratio and the source of Ca and P in the food. A possible explanation could be the formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes. Whether similar close relationships can be observed in mammalian species other than domestic carnivores has, to our knowledge, not been investigated. A comparative investigation of the relationship between faecal Ca and P excretion may help to understand differences and similarities between species. One hypothesis is that the regression equation of faecal Ca and P excretion reflects the intestinal formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes. In chickens, a constant ratio of intestinal Ca/P has been found (Hurwitz & Bar, 1971) and interpreted as the formation of insoluble Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (Humer, Schwarz, & Schedle, 2015). The atomic weight ratio of Ca to P in this complex is 2 to 1, which should be represented in the regression equation of faecal Ca and P excretion if the complex actually is a major determinant of mineral excretion.Another assumption is that microbial activity in the gastrointestina...

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“…A decrease in acidity of plasma increases the rate of renal potassium excre tion and potassium secretion by the distal tubule (8)(9)(10)(11)15). This effect has been attributed to a shift of hydrogen ions out of the cell and of potassium into the cell (8).…”

Section: Determinants Of Distal Potassium Transportmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Some evidence also indicates that a decline in the pH of luminal fluid lowers the potassium conductance of the apical cell membrane, which results in decreased potassium secretion (13,14). If systemic acidosis is prolonged, rates of potas sium excretion increase (15,16). This change appears to be a secondary effect related to increased urine flow rate (11,16) (see below).…”

Section: Determinants Of Distal Potassium Transportmentioning

confidence: 97%

Control by Drugs of Renal Potassium Handling

Velázquez¹,

Wright²

1986

Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.

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Changes in Blood Composition and in Urinary Mineral Excretion in the Pig in Response to Acute Acid‐base Disturbance

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

The relationship among dietary undetermined anion, acid-base balance, and nutrient metabolism in swine.

The relationship among dietary undetermined anion, acid-base balance, and nutrient metabolism in swine.

A comparative meta‐analysis on the relationship of faecal calcium and phosphorus excretion in mammals

Control by Drugs of Renal Potassium Handling

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