Changes in body composition at menopause—age, lifestyle or hormone deficiency?

Sørensen, M.K.

doi:10.1258/136218002100321974

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…There is considerable discussion of the role of PA in preventing weight gain, in particular the attenuation of fat mass gain, across the lifespan in the current literature on obesity (13,15,17,19,21,22,27,28,30). Although the maintenance of high levels of PA is believed to lessen weight gain, there are caveats to these data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to loss of skeletal muscle mass, women experience bone mineral density (BMD) decreases (9) concomitant with increased central body fatness, which may promote a loss of fat-free mass during the menopausal transition. This adverse change in the ratio of fat-to-lean mass may be related to a decline in energy expenditure, loss of muscular strength and a decline in physical activity (5, 28, 30). Preventing gain of fat mass and loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is preferable to trying to reverse these body composition changes in old age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Changes in Physical Activity and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women over Time

Sims

Kubo

Desai

et al. 2013

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose Higher physical activity (PA) has been associated with greater attenuation of body-fat gain and preservation of lean mass across the lifespan. These analyses aimed to determine relationships of change in PA to changes in fat and lean body mass in a longitudinal prospective study of postmenopausal women. Methods Among 11,491 women enrolled at three Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) clinical centers were selected to undergo dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 8,352 had baseline body composition measurements, with at least one repeated measure at yr 1, 3, and 6. PA data were obtained by self-report at baseline, 3 and 6 yr of follow-up. Time-varying PA impact on change in lean and fat mass during the six-yr study period for age groups (50–59y, 60–69y, 70–79y) was estimated using mixed effects linear regression. Results Baseline PA and body composition differed significantly among the three age groups. The association of change in fat mass from baseline and time-varying PA differed across the three age groups (p=0.0006). In women aged 50–59, gain in fat mass from baseline was attenuated with higher levels of physical activity. Women aged 70–79 lost fat mass at all PA levels. In contrast, change in lean mass from baseline and time-varying PA did not differ by age group (p=0.1935). Conclusions The association between PA and change in fat mass varies by age group, with younger, but not older, women benefitting from higher levels of aerobic PA. Higher levels of aerobic activity are not associated with changes in lean mass, which tends to decrease in older women regardless of activity level. Greater attention to resistance training exercises may be needed to prevent lean mass loss as women age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Physical Activity and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women over Time

Sims

Kubo

Desai

et al. 2013

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The absence of HT use and low muscle strength seem to be independent determinants of OP and contribute to fracture risk [25]. Most probably the changes depend on both [26,27] and vary according to the origin of the study populations [28][29][30]. Consequently, body composition parameters and muscle strength should be interpreted separately.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Strength and Body Composition Are Clinical Indicators of Osteoporosis

et al. 2012

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We examined the role of muscle strength, lean tissue distribution, and overall body composition as indicators of osteoporosis (OP) in a pooled sample of 979 Finnish postmenopausal women (mean age 68.1 years) from the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention study. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck (FN) and total body composition were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The women (n = 979) were divided into three groups according to WHO criteria, based on FN BMD T score: normal (n = 474), osteopenia (n = 468), and OP (n = 37). Soft tissue proportions, fat mass index (FMI, fat/height²), lean mass index (LMI, lean/height²), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM, (arms + legs)/height²) were calculated. Handgrip and knee extension strength measurements were made. OP subjects had significantly smaller LMI (p = 0.001), ASM (p = 0.001), grip strength (p < 0.0001), and knee extension strength (p < 0.05) but not FMI (p > 0.05) compared to other subjects. Grip and knee extension strength were 19 and 16 % weaker in OP women compared to others, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 69 % for grip and 71 % for knee extension strength. In tissue proportions only LMI showed predictive power (63 %, p = 0.016). An overall linear association of LMI (R² = 0.007, p = 0.01) and FMI (R² = 0.028, p < 0.001) with FN BMD remained significant. In the multivariate model, after adjusting for age, grip strength, leg extension strength, FMI, LMI, number of medications, alcohol consumption, current smoking, dietary calcium intake, and hormone therapy, grip strength (adjusted OR = 0.899, 95 % CI 0.84-0.97, p < 0.01), leg extension strength (OR = 0.998, 95 % CI 0.99-1, p < 0.05), and years of hormone therapy (OR = 0.905, 95 % CI 0.82-1, p < 0.05) remained as significant determinants of OP. Muscle strength tests, especially grip strength, serve as an independent and useful tool for postmenopausal OP risk assessment. In addition, lean mass contributes to OP in this age group. Muscle strength and lean mass should be considered separately since both are independently associated with postmenopausal BMD.

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“…This finding is of importance, given the increased risk of MS and mortality generally associated with excess abdominal adiposity, even in women. 3,4 In this regard, waist girth not only is a crude marker of abdominal adiposity but is also influenced by participants' body fatness. 32 As mentioned above, the higher the BMI, the larger will generally be the waistline, but not necessarily the greater the CHD risk, as waist circumference alone cannot discriminate subcutaneous abdominal from visceral obesity, which is an important correlate of metabolic abnormalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%