Changes in Causes of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom Over 15 Years: Microbiologic Findings From 2 Prospective, Population-Based Studies of Infectious Intestinal Disease

Tam, Clarence C.; O’Brien, Sarah J.; Tompkins, David; Bolton, F. J.; Berry, Lauryn; Dodds, Julie; Choudhury, Debapriya Das; Halstead, Fenella D.; Iturriza‐Gómara, Miren; Mather, Kieren J.; Rait, Greta; Ridge, Anne; Rodrigues, Lovaine; Wain, John; Wood, Benjamin C.; Gray, Jim

doi:10.1093/cid/cis028

Cited by 146 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Our results are comparable to recent reports from other continents, in which sapovirus was commonly detected in pediatric gastroenteritis (8,(28)(29)(30)(31). Possible reasons of increased rates of detection of sapovirus include the emerging genotypes (10,29,31), the implementation of rotavirus vaccination (9), and application of more sensitive molecular diagnostic assays (32,33). Limited data on sapovirus in South America are available (34), and more studies are needed to confirm clinical and public health significance of sapovirus in this region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

et al. 2016

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iHuman sapovirus has been shown to be one of the most important etiologies in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. However, very limited data are available about the causative roles and epidemiology of sapovirus in community settings. A nested matched case-control study within a birth cohort study of acute diarrhea in a peri-urban community in Peru from 2007 to 2010 was conducted to investigate the attributable fraction (AF) and genetic diversity of sapovirus. By quantitative reverse transcription-realtime PCR (qPCR) sapovirus was detected in 12.4% (37/299) of diarrheal and 5.7% (17/300) of nondiarrheal stools (P ‫؍‬ 0.004). The sapovirus AF (7.1%) was higher in the second year (13.2%) than in the first year (1.4%) of life of children. Ten known genotypes and one novel cluster (n ‫؍‬ 5) within four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) were identified by phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene. Further sequence analysis of the full VP1 gene revealed a possible novel genotype, tentatively named GII.8. Notably, symptomatic reinfections with different genotypes within the same (n ‫؍‬ 3) or different (n ‫؍‬ 5) genogroups were observed in eight children. Sapovirus exhibited a high attributable burden for acute gastroenteritis, especially in the second year of life, of children in a Peruvian community. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand better the global burden, genetic diversity, and repeated infections of sapovirus. Acute diarrhea is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations, especially in developing countries. Rotavirus, norovirus, and other viruses are common causative etiological agents, and rotavirus accounts for about 440,000 child deaths annually (1), while norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute diarrhea (2). Currently a rotavirus vaccination program has been implemented in 80 countries as a part of national immunization programs (http://sites.path.org /rotavirusvaccine/rotavirus-vaccines/#global-intro). It successfully reduced the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to acute gastroenteritis (3, 4) and is cost-effective (5). Norovirus has now replaced rotavirus as the leading cause of medically attended acute diarrhea in pediatric populations (6, 7), and sapovirus, belonging to a separate genus of the Caliciviridae family, has been reported as the second most commonly detected virus after norovirus in children with acute diarrhea where rotavirus vaccination was implemented (8, 9). In addition, reports on sapovirus outbreaks across all age groups have increased in South Asia, Europe, and North America recently (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).The genome of sapovirus consists of a positive-sense, singlestranded RNA with two open reading frames (ORFs) (12). ORF1 encodes the nonstructural proteins and a major capsid protein, VP1, and ORF2 encodes a protein whose function is still unknown (12). Like for norovirus, multiple genetic clusters of human sapovirus have been reported, including four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) with 17 gen...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

et al. 2016

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“…Nevertheless, research has been successfully undertaken where a large number of individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms and a similarly large asymptomatic population of individuals have been sampled for investigation of intestinal pathogens (eg. (Tam et al, 2012). Unfortunately, Blastocystis has not been included in those studies.…”

Section: The Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Blastocystis Research

Clark

Giezen

Alfellani

et al. 2013

Advances in Parasitology

251

216

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Abstract:Blastocystis is a common parasite of the human large intestine but has an uncertain role in disease. In this review, we appraise the published evidence addressing this and its weaknesses. Genetic diversity studies have led to the identification of numerous subtypes within the genus Blastocystis and, recently, methods for studying variation within subtypes have been developed, with implications for our understanding of host specificity. The geographic distribution of subtypes is summarised and the impact this may have on investigations into the role of the organism in disease is discussed. Finally, we describe the organelle and nuclear genome characteristics and look to future developments in the field.

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“…Elucidating the transmission of the two major causative bacteria of this disease, Campylobacter jejuni (about 90 % of cases) and Campylobacter coli (most of the remaining 10 % of cases), to humans is essential for the development and implementation of effective public health interventions, which are a priority in many countries, including the UK (Tam et al, 2012). These two bacteria represent an extremely prevalent cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for an estimated 400-500 million cases a year (Friedman et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%