Changes in Composition during Development and Maturation of Maize Seeds

Ingle, John; Beitz, Donald C.; Hageman, R. H.

doi:10.1104/pp.40.5.835

Cited by 98 publications

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“…Changes in RNase levels in plants have been associated with injury (2, 7), infection (7, 12, 13), growth or growth inhibition (1,14), RNA synthesis (9), senescence (11,15), and endosperm maturation (8,5 (1) found that a light-mediated increase in RNase of lupine hypocotyls was associated with polysomes and ribosomes. This RNase appeared to be either RNase I or II.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3.1.4.x), which has a pH optimum near 6, produces 5'-nucleotides from both RNA and DNA, and is associated with large cell particles (20, 21). Pure RNase I has been obtained from corn endosperm (22), while partially purified RNase II and Nuclease I have been obtained from corn roots (20).Changes in RNase levels in plants have been associated with injury (2, 7), infection (7, 12, 13), growth or growth inhibition (1,14), RNA synthesis (9), senescence (11,15), and endosperm maturation (8,5 (1) found that a light-mediated increase in RNase of lupine hypocotyls was associated with polysomes and ribosomes. This RNase appeared to be either RNase I or II.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plant Nucleases

Wilson

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Isoenzymes of lRNase were detected in plant extracts after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a new buffer system. The gels were incubated in an RNA solution, then dipped for 30 seconds into 0.2%9o toluidine blue. The method is rapid and is sensitive to very small amounts of RNase. The Plants contain a number of enzymes which degrade RNA. The enzymes found in corn fall into three general classes: (a) RNase I (ribonucleate nucleotido-2'-transferase (cyclizing) E.C. 2.7.7.17), which has a pH optimum near 5, produces 2'. 3'-cyclic nucleotides, and is a soluble enzyme; (b) RNase II (also E.C. 2.7.7.17), which has a pH optimum at 6 or above, produces 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotides, and is associated with crude microsomes; and (c) Nuclease I (E.C. 3.1.4.x), which has a pH optimum near 6, produces 5'-nucleotides from both RNA and DNA, and is associated with large cell particles (20, 21). Pure RNase I has been obtained from corn endosperm (22), while partially purified RNase II and Nuclease I have been obtained from corn roots (20).Changes in RNase levels in plants have been associated with injury (2, 7), infection (7, 12, 13), growth or growth inhibition (1,14), RNA synthesis (9), senescence (11,15), and endosperm maturation (8,5 (1) found that a light-mediated increase in RNase of lupine hypocotyls was associated with polysomes and ribosomes. This RNase appeared to be either RNase I or II.I have reported that mixtures of corn nucleases may be partially separated by differential centrifugation and by gel filtration, and that further information on the levels of different nucleases may be gained by determining the activity on RNA at pH 5 and pH 6.2 as well as the activity on DNA (20, 21).Wolf (24) detected a number of RNases from bean, wheat, and sugar beet after electrophoresis, using a methylene blue stain technique. An assay for phosphodiesterase in the gels (10) showed that some of these plant RNases were also capable of hydrolyzing the a-naphthyl ester of uridine-5'-phosphate (24). Randles (12) detected changes in RNase isoenzymes in virus-infected Chinese cabbage after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but had to first inhibit the RNase with copper and later restore activity with EDTA. A more rapid method was developed which separated and detected the different partially purified corn RNases after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but it was not suitable for crude preparations (18). This method has now been improved so that crude enzyme preparations from corn and other plants may be separated and detected by gel electrophoresis. The use of specific inhibitors gives further information on the types of enzymes involved. These methods are able to detect the differences in the RNA-degrading enzymes associated with crude mitochondrial and microsomal preparations from corn. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe Preparation of Enzymes. The corn (Zea mays L., "WF9 X M14") RNase I, RNase II, and Nuclease I enzymes have been described previously (20,22

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Plant Nucleases

Wilson

1971

Plant Physiol.

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“…Probably the best nutritional content favored F. moniliforme growth, to the detriment of fumonisin biosynthesis. Starch content and lipid accumulation increase as the corn kernel matures (Ingle et al, 1965). Considering that fumonisins derive from a secondary metabolic pathway that resembles sphingolipid biosynthesis (Jackson et al, 1995), the corn maturation which increases lipid content can shunt the fungal metabolism toward fumonisin synthesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The result was evident, as the fungal growth diameter reached 6.9mm in culture medium prepared exclusively with milky stage corn starch (MSCS1), which is equivalent to that obtained with mature corn starch (CS, with 6.8mm diameter). The high sugar and amino acid content in the immature corn (Ingle et al, 1965) probably stimulated the fungal growth. Milky stage corn has a high level of glucose -1.6mg/kernel, fructose -1.8mg/kernel - (Holder et al, 1974) and sucrose -2 to 3mg/endosperm - (Tsai et al, 1970), while in mature corn these contents are low, due to their demand in polysaccharides and proteins biosynthesis (Ingle et al, 1965).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high sugar and amino acid content in the immature corn (Ingle et al, 1965) probably stimulated the fungal growth. Milky stage corn has a high level of glucose -1.6mg/kernel, fructose -1.8mg/kernel - (Holder et al, 1974) and sucrose -2 to 3mg/endosperm - (Tsai et al, 1970), while in mature corn these contents are low, due to their demand in polysaccharides and proteins biosynthesis (Ingle et al, 1965). Although the culture medium prepared with corn germ (6,9mm) caused F. moniliforme 113F growth when compared to degermed substrate (6,3mm), the protein composition did not significantly influence fungal growth (p<0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Culture medium for amylase production by toxigenic fungi

Figueira

Hirooka

2000

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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The role of structural and regulatory genes in the development of maize endosperm

Soave

Salamini

1984

Dev. Genet.

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INTRODUCTIONMaize (Zea mays L.) is the world's second most important food crop. Its overall yield is determined by several parameters: number of plants per unit of land, number of ears per plant, number of kernels per ear, and kernel size. The last parameter is frequently correlated with the length of the grain-filling period [ 1-41, During grain filling, which ends with the appearance of a black layer of cells at the base of the pedicel [3], the morphogenic event that plays the most important role in determining maize yield is the development and maturation of the endosperm. The endosperm is a triploid tissue specialized mainly in the storage of starch and proteins; it represents more than 80% of the final seed weight. The length of the period necessary for grain filling is under strict genetic control [ l , 5-71. It contains three distinct phases 181: 1) a lag period of grain dry-matter accumulation that starts at silk emergence and extends for 15 to 18 days; 2) a period of linear grain dry-weight accumulation during which more than 90% of grain dry-matter is accumulated; and 3) a period in which the rate of dry weight accumulation of the grain declines, terminating with black cell layer formation. GENE SYMBOLSA , anthocyanin (colored aleurone); Ac, activator; ae, amylose extender; al, albescent: hr. brittle: Bz, bronze; Bn, brown aleurone; C , colored aleurone; cl. chlorophyll; cp, collapsed; de, defective endosperm; De*-B30, defective endosperm (opaque); dek, defective kernel; Ds, dissociation; du, dull endosperm; et, etched; jl2, floury endosperm; ly, lycopenic; Iw, lemon white; Mc, mucronate (opaque); mn, miniature; o, opaque endosperm; pro, proline requiring; p s , pink scutellum; R, colored aleurone; re, reduced endosperm; sh, shrunken endosperm; su. sugary; st, sticky chromosome; y , viviparous; w3, white (endosperm and seedling); Wc, white cap; wx, waxy endosperm; y . yellow endosperm; 7 , zeta-carotenic.Received for publication September 20, 1983; accepted March 1, 1984. Address reprint requests to C. Soave, Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali C.N.R., Via Bassini, 15 Milano, Italy. 0 1984 Alan R. Liss, Inc. Soave and SalaminiIn maize [9, 101, as in other cereals [ll-131, endosperm cell number influences the rate of grain filling, grain size, and final yield more than does cell size. Cell number of the endosperm is determined in the lag period when mitotic divisions can be easily observed in the tissue [14,15]. At present, there is a lack of information concerning this developmental phase. Several studies have been directed toward the filling phase of endosperm development [reviewed in [16][17][18][19]. They considered in particular the mechanisms that control starch and storage protein deposition. Besides clarifying important aspects of endosperm physiology, the genetic and nutritional discoveries made in this area are the basis for the development of new strains of cereals with superior nutritional qualities [summarized in 201. It is important to understand all aspects of endosperm development, since ...

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Changes in Composition during Development and Maturation of Maize Seeds

Cited by 98 publications

References 9 publications

Plant Nucleases

Plant Nucleases

Culture medium for amylase production by toxigenic fungi

The role of structural and regulatory genes in the development of maize endosperm

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