Changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19 in children from the PROGRESS cohort

McGuinn, Laura A.; Rivera, Nadya; Osorio-Valencia, Erika; Schnaas, Lourdes; Hernández-Chávez, Carmen; DeFelice, Nicholas; Harari, Homero; Klein, Daniel N.; Wright, Rosalind J.; Téllez‐Rojo, Martha María; Wright, Robert O.; Rosa, Maria José; Tamayo‐Ortiz, Marcela

doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02379-z

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In addition, protective factors should be communicated and supported; including parent–child dialogue [ 63 ], a predictable home environment [ 64 ], peer-to-peer social contact [ 65 ] and physical activity [ 66 ]. Further, increased resilience among child and adolescents could be a predictor of fewer anxiety symptoms [ 67 , 68 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety increased among children and adolescents during pandemic-related school closures in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ludwig-Walz

Dannheim

Pfadenhauer³

et al. 2023

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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Background Considering the heterogenous evidence, a systematic review of the change in anxiety in European children and adolescents associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is lacking. We therefore assessed the change compared with pre-pandemic baselines stratified by gender and age as well as evaluated the impact of country-specific restriction policies. Methods A registration on the ‘International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews’ (PROSPERO) occurred and an a priori protocol was published. We searched six databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, WHO COVID-19) using a peer-reviewed search string with citation tracking and grey literature screening. Primary outcomes were: (1) general anxiety symptoms; and (2) clinically relevant anxiety rates. We used the Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index as an indicator of pandemic-related restrictions. Screening of title/abstract and full text as well as assessing risk of bias (using the ‘Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Exposure’ [ROBINS-E]) and certainty of evidence (using the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ [GRADE]) was done in duplicate. We pooled data using a random effects model. Reporting is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Results Of 7,422 non-duplicate records, 18 studies with data from 752,532 pre-pandemic and 763,582 pandemic participants met full inclusion criteria. For general anxiety symptoms the total change effect estimate yielded a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 0.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17–0.51) and for clinically relevant anxiety rates we observed an odds ratio of 1.08 (95%-CI, 0.98–1.19). Increase in general anxiety symptoms was highest in the 11–15 years age group. Effect estimates were higher when pandemic-related restrictions were more stringent (Oxford Stringency Index > 60: SMD, 0.52 [95%-CI, 0.30–0.73]) and when school closures (School Closure Index ≥ 2: SMD, 0.44 [95%-CI, 0.23–0.65]) occurred. Conclusion General anxiety symptoms among children and adolescents in Europe increased in a pre/during comparison of the COVID-19 pandemic; particularly for males aged 11–15 years. In periods of stringent pandemic-related restrictions and/or school closures a considerable increase in general anxiety symptoms could be documented. PROSPERO registration: CRD42022303714.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety increased among children and adolescents during pandemic-related school closures in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ludwig-Walz

Dannheim

Pfadenhauer³

et al. 2023

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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“…Based on the manual, Total T-scores ≥ 65 indicate clinical depressive symptoms and can be classified as a binary outcome which is consistent with a diagnosis of depression [ 51 ]. This dichotomized approach has been used in various studies (e.g., [ 62 , 63 ]). Despite potential concerns regarding self-report measures, recent research using the CDI supports its use in cognitively able autistic youth [ 35 , 36 ], with previously published item analyses showing distinct diagnostic- and sex-based differences (see [ 36 ] for complete item analysis).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectory of depressive symptoms over adolescence in autistic and neurotypical youth

Corbett,

Muscatello,

McGonigle

et al. 2024

Molecular Autism

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Background Adolescence coincides with a dramatic rise in the onset of psychiatric conditions including depression. Depression symptoms may be particularly prevalent and impairing for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While prior research suggests adolescence is associated with worsening depression symptoms for typically developing (TD) and autistic youth, it is unclear if they follow a similar course. Method The study examined the trajectory of depressive symptoms in autistic and neurotypical youth over a 4-year longitudinal study using linear and logistic mixed effects models. In youth with clinically relevant depressive scores (t-score > 65), moderating factors (i.e., diagnosis, age, puberty, sex) were explored. During Year 1, the sample included 244 youth 10-to-13 years: 140 in the ASD group (36 females) and 104 in the TD group (46 females). Results Autistic youth had elevated depression scores compared to TD peers (p < 0.001) and females were higher than males in both groups (p = 0.001). There was significant diagnosis by age (p < 0.001) and diagnosis by pubertal stage (p < 0.05) interactions. In the ASD group, elevated depressive scores presented in early adolescence and decreased during middle adolescence and puberty, whereas the TD group showed the opposite trend with an increase in depression symptoms with advancing development. Limitations Limitations include an unequal sex distribution (fewer females), non-representative autistic sample (e.g., cognition and race/ethnicity), and potential confound of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Autistic youth present with higher rates of depressive symptoms early in development; yet, approaching middle adolescence and puberty, the symptom trajectory in the autistic youth declines coinciding with an increase in the TD youth. While group trajectories are divergent, they lead to similar levels of depression in late adolescence with higher symptoms in females. Findings suggest a period of quiescence in depressive symptomology influenced by biopsychosocial factors impacting affective profiles.

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“…Studies evaluating more general individual-level resilience and coping abilities found limited evidence of their protective effects during the COVID-19 pandemic, with most research restricted to the initial outbreak. For example, Daniunaite et al (2021) andMcGuinn et al (2023) reported either no protective effect or inconsistent findings regarding the impact of pre-pandemic general resilience on pandemic mental health outcomes in adolescence. Additionally, Holt-Gosselin et al (2022) found no association between pre-pandemic adaptive coping and pandemic depression or anxiety symptoms in a sample of young adults.…”

Section: Individual Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of pre-pandemic resilience factors and mental health outcomes in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Wiedemann,

Gupta,

Okey

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Adolescence and young adulthood are sensitive developmental periods to environmental influences. Investigating pre-emptive measures against stressors, such as those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, on mental health and wellbeing is crucial. We aimed to synthesise evidence on pre-pandemic resilience factors shaping youth mental health outcomes during this period. Methods: For this pre-registered systematic review, we searched seven databases for longitudinal studies of youth populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, assessing a-priori defined resilience factors at the individual, family, or community level before the pandemic. Studies required validated mental health or wellbeing measures collected both before and during the pandemic. Study quality was assessed using the corresponding NIH Quality Assessment Tool. Results: From 3099 unique records, 23 studies across 11 countries were included, using 39 distinct resilience measures. Factors at the individual level were explored in 13 studies, community-related in 11, and family factors in eight. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, we applied a narrative synthesis approach, finding that resilience factors were generally associated with better mental health outcomes both prior to and during the pandemic. However, most factors did not mitigating pandemic-related mental health effects. Nonetheless, family-level resilience factors emerged as promising under specific conditions. Study quality was generally fair, with concerns in resilience assessment and sampling quality. Conclusion: Family-level resilience factors may positively impact pandemic mental health outcomes. Future research should prioritise rigorous study designs and comprehensive resilience assessments to enhance our understanding of resilience in pandemic settings and beyond.

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Changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19 in children from the PROGRESS cohort

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Anxiety increased among children and adolescents during pandemic-related school closures in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Anxiety increased among children and adolescents during pandemic-related school closures in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Trajectory of depressive symptoms over adolescence in autistic and neurotypical youth

A systematic review of pre-pandemic resilience factors and mental health outcomes in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

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