Changes in early optical coherence tomography angiography among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Relation to fibroblast growth factor 21

Abstract

Aims Current diagnostic and treatment modalities target late stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) when retinopathy has already been established. Novel and more sensitive strategies are needed. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) permits non‐invasive visualisation of retinal microcirculation. Fibroblast growth factor‐21 (FGF21) plays an important role in glucose and lipid homoeostasis. This study assesses early OCTA changes among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) compared to fundus photography and correlates them to diabetes‐duration, glycaemic control, and FGF21; hence, it determines their value in early detection of DR. Methodology Hundred children and adolescents with T1DM were assessed for diabetes‐duration, insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, and diabetic‐ketoacidosis frequency, Tanner staging, glycated‐haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting lipids, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and serum FGF21. OCTA and fundus photography were done for the studied patients and 100 age, gender, and Tanner matched healthy controls. Results The mean age of the children and adolescents with T1DM was 10.84 years, their mean diabetes‐duration was 3.27 years and their median FGF21 was 150 pg/ml. FGF21 was significantly higher among children and adolescents with T1DM than controls (p < 0.001). Children and adolescents with T1DM had a significantly larger foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and lower peripapillary and inside‐disc capillary densities (p < 0.05); with no significant fundus photography difference (p = 0.155) than controls. FAZ was positively correlated and peripapillary and inside‐disc capillary densities were negatively correlated with diabetes‐duration, HbA1c, FGF21, and Tanner stage. FGF21 was significantly higher in T1DM children and adolescents having OCTA changes compared to those with normal OCTA (p = 0.002). Multivariate‐regression revealed that FAZ is independently associated with diabetes‐duration, HbA1c and FGF21. Conclusions OCTA changes start early in children and adolescents with T1DM long before the fundus changes. These changes are correlated with diabetes‐duration, puberty, glycaemic, and FGF21.

The association between retinal microvasculature derived from optical coherence tomography angiography and systemic factors in type 2 diabetics

“…Our findings were in concordance with previous research by Czakó et al ( 18 ), who found that DM duration was strongly associated with decreased retinal VD after interaction analysis with the effects of systemic risk factors, and by Qian et al ( 11 ), who reported a negative correlation between DM duration and OCTA metrics such as SCP-VD and SCP-PD in 1118 DM patients. Furthermore, larger FAZ and lower retinal capillary densities in children and adolescents with diabetes were observed in a case–control study ( 19 ), and these changes are associated with DM duration and poor glycemic control.…”

Cystatin C as an adjunct to HbA1c may prove useful in predicting the development of diabetic complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

“…In a recent study where optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used, higher levels of FGF21 were found in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes ( n = 100) compared to the same number of age, gender, and Tanner-matched healthy controls ( n = 100). FGF21 was also higher among patients with type 1 diabetes and OCTA changes compared to those without [ 28 ]. We could not in our study however, observe any difference in FGF21 levels with regard to diabetes duration.…”